Deterioration in Quality of Life among COVID-19 Survivors: Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Data Source
Treatment Pattern of COVID-19
2.3. Study Population: COVID-19 Survivors
2.4. Quality of Life Assessment
2.5. Other Analyzed Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
QOL Worsening
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) | N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 49.1 (17.9) | ||
Male sex | 166,073 (51.0) | ||
Residence | |||
Urban area | 161,849 (49.7) | ||
Rural area | 163,817 (50.3) | ||
Infection route | |||
Domestic | 320,386 (98.4) | ||
Foreign | 5280 (1.6) | ||
Cause type | |||
Inflow from foreign countries | 5280 (1.6) | ||
Contact with person-related inflow from foreign countries | 143 (0.0) | ||
Outbreak in hospitals or nursing care centers | 16,377 (5.0) | ||
Outbreak in local communities | 69,442 (21.3) | ||
Contact with a COVID-19 confirmed patient | 134,191 (41.2) | ||
Unknown | 100,233 (30.8) | ||
CCI, point | 2.6 (2.6) | ||
LOS, day | 10.0 (4.1) | ||
Receipt of surgery during hospitalization | 1295 (0.4) | ||
Type of hospital | |||
Tertiary general hospital | 33,074 (10.2) | ||
General hospital | 283,556 (87.1) | ||
Long-term facility care center | 9036 (2.8) | ||
1st vaccination | 287,804 (88.4) | ||
2nd vaccination | 271,179 (83.3) | ||
ICU admission | 4930 (1.5) | ||
Nasal or mask oxygen therapy | 28,584 (8.8) | ||
Mechanical ventilator support | 528 (0.2) | ||
ECMO support | 50 (0.0) | ||
Experience of CPR | |||
CRRT use | 6 (0.0) | ||
Total cost for hospitalization in USD | 1483.2 (2435.8) | ||
Self-payment in USD | 222.3 (383.6) | ||
Total QOL worsening group | 106,091 (32.6) | ||
Unemployment group | 21,223 (6.5) | ||
Decreased household income group | 94,556 (29.0) | ||
Newly acquired disability group | 559 (0.2) |
Variable | QOL Worsening Group n = 106,091 | No QOL Worsening Group n = 219,575 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 48.7 (17.8) | 49.2 (17.9) | <0.001 | |
Male sex | 54,335 (51.2) | 111,738 (50.9) | 0.08 | |
Residence | 0.009 | |||
Urban area | 52,374 (49.4) | 109,475 (49.9) | ||
Rural area | 53,717 (50.6) | 110,100 (50.1) | ||
Infection route | ||||
Domestic | 104,384 (98.4) | 216,002 (98.4) | ||
Foreign | 1707 (1.6) | 3573 (1.6) | 0.70 | |
Cause type | <0.001 | |||
Inflow from foreign countries | 1707 (1.6) | 3573 (1.6) | ||
Contact with person-related inflow from foreign countries | 45 (0.0) | 98 (0.0) | ||
Outbreak in hospitals or nursing care centers | 4609 (4.3) | 11,768 (5.4) | ||
Outbreak in local communities | 22,473 (21.2) | 46,969 (21.4) | ||
Contact with a COVID-19 confirmed patient | 44,061 (41.5) | 90,130 (41.0) | ||
Unknown | 33,196 (31.3) | 67,037 (30.5) | ||
CCI, point | 2.5 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.6) | <0.001 | |
LOS, day | 9.9 (4.1) | 10.0 (4.2) | 0.002 | |
Receipt of surgery during hospitalization | 448 (0.4) | 847 (0.4) | 0.12 | |
Type of hospital | <0.001 | |||
Tertiary general hospital | 10,867 (10.2) | 22,207 (10.1) | ||
General hospital | 92,504 (87.2) | 191,052 (87.0) | ||
Long-term facility care center | 2720 (2.6) | 6316 (2.9) | ||
1st vaccination | 93,213 (87.9) | 194,591 (88.6) | <0.001 | |
2nd vaccination | 88,068 (83.0) | 183,111 (83.4) | 0.006 | |
ICU admission | 1690 (1.6) | 3240 (1.5) | 0.01 | |
Nasal or mask oxygen therapy | 9353 (8.8) | 19,231 (8.8) | 0.21 | |
Mechanical ventilator support | 192 (0.2) | 336 (0.2) | 0.06 | |
ECMO support | 20 (0.0) | 30 (0.0) | 0.26 | |
Experience of CPR | 3 (0.0) | 9 (0.0) | 0.12 | |
CRRT use | 3 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 0.75 | |
Self-payment, 100 USD | 230.2 (413.5) | 218.5 (368.2) | <0.001 |
Variable | In the Year When They Were Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 31 March 2022 (Last Follow-Up Date) | |
---|---|---|---|
Having a job * | 215,894 (66.3) | 212,324 (65.2) | |
Household income level group | |||
Medical aid group | 11,275 (3.5) | 11,830 (3.6) | |
Q1 (lowest) | 63,196 (19.4) | 67,256 (20.7) | |
Q2 | 72,596 (22.3) | 66,558 (20.4) | |
Q3 | 78,106 (24.0) | 78,514 (24.1) | |
Q4 (highest) | 95,203 (29.2) | 95,169 (29.2) | |
Unknown | 5290 (1.6) | 6339 (1.9) | |
Disability ** | |||
Mild to moderate | 12,117 (3.7) | 12,358 (3.8) | |
Severe | 7355 (2.3) | 7624 (2.3) |
Variable | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, 10 years | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | <0.001 | |
Male sex | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.68 | |
Residence | |||
Urban area | 1 | ||
Rural area | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.009 | |
Infection route | |||
Domestic | 1 | ||
Foreign | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.17 | |
Cause type | |||
Inflow from foreign countries | 1 | ||
Contact with person-related inflow from foreign countries | 0.00 (0.00-) | ||
Outbreak in hospitals or nursing care centers | 0.93 (0.65, 1.32) | 0.68 | |
Outbreak in local communities | 0.82 (0.79, 0.85) | <0.001 | |
Contact with a COVID-19 confirmed patient | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.002 | |
Unknown | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.31 | |
CCI, point | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.52 | |
LOS, day | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.11 | |
Receipt of surgery during hospitalization | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.37 | |
Type of hospital | |||
Tertiary general hospital | 1 | ||
General hospital | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.83 | |
Long-term facility care center | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.04 | |
1st vaccination | 0.89 (0.86, 0.93) | <0.001 | |
2nd vaccination | 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) | <0.001 | |
ICU admission | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 0.03 | |
Nasal or mask oxygen therapy | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.30 | |
Mechanical ventilator support | 1.06 (0.86, 1.31) | 0.58 | |
ECMO support | 1.11 (0.61, 2.03) | 0.74 | |
Experience of CPR | 0.60 (0.16, 2.25) | 0.45 | |
CRRT use | 1.65 (0.32, 8.41) | 0.55 | |
Self-payment, 100 USD | 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) | <0.001 |
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Oh, T.K.; Song, I.-A. Deterioration in Quality of Life among COVID-19 Survivors: Population-Based Cohort Study. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060569
Oh TK, Song I-A. Deterioration in Quality of Life among COVID-19 Survivors: Population-Based Cohort Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(6):569. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060569
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Tak Kyu, and In-Ae Song. 2024. "Deterioration in Quality of Life among COVID-19 Survivors: Population-Based Cohort Study" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 6: 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060569