Development of a User-Friendly Self-Screening Tool for Assessing Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Youths from Economically Challenged Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Aspects
2.3. Participants
2.4. Variables
2.4.1. Demographic and Economic Variables
2.4.2. School Context
2.4.3. 24 h Movement Behaviors
2.4.4. Body Weight
2.4.5. Abdominal Obesity
2.4.6. Metabolic Syndrome
2.5. Procedures
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Abdominal Obesity | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (%) | Yes (%) | p Value | |
Age | |||
≤18 years | 86.4 | 13.6 | <0.001 |
19–20 years | 79.2 | 20.8 | |
≥21 years | 65.9 | 34.1 | |
Biological Sex | |||
Female | 74.4 | 25.6 | 0.031 |
Male | 83.2 | 16.8 | |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
White | 78.4 | 21.6 | 0.371 |
Indigenous (Brazilian native) | 62.5 | 37.5 | |
Brown (or Mulatto) | 77.7 | 22.3 | |
Black and Yellow (or Asian) | 75.8 | 24.2 | |
Working student | |||
No | 80.4 | 19.6 | 0.012 |
Yes | 70.5 | 29.6 | |
Monthly household income, R$ * | |||
<1 minimum wage | 82.2 | 17.8 | 0.025 |
1–2 minimum wages | 69.9 | 30.0 | |
≥3 minimum wages | 67.4 | 32.6 | |
Score 24 h ‡ | |||
0 Meeting 24-h movement | 85.0 | 15.0 | 0.011 |
1 Meeting 24-h movement | 71.2 | 28.8 | |
2 Meeting 24-h movement | 76.2 | 23.8 | |
3 Meeting 24-h movement | 89.7 | 10.3 | |
Metabolic syndrome | |||
No | 83.7 | 16.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 0.0 | 100.0 |
Elementary School—Variables | Abdominal Obesity | p Value | |
No (%) | Yes (%) | ||
Grade retention | |||
No | 78.2 | 21.8 | 0.240 |
Yes | 71.8 | 28.2 | |
PE facilities | |||
No | 68.3 | 31.7 | 0.009 |
Yes | 70.8 | 20.2 | |
PE preferred subject | |||
No | 77.0 | 23.0 | 0.879 |
Yes | 77.8 | 22.2 | |
PE classes per week | |||
No classes | 61.5 | 38.5 | 0.043 |
1 class | 77.2 | 22.8 | |
≥2 classes | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
Enrollment in sports training (per week) | |||
No enrollment | 77.9 | 22.1 | |
1 session | 68.1 | 31.9 | 0.121 |
2 sessions | 76.5 | 23.5 | |
≥3 sessions | 85.7 | 14.3 | |
Enrollment in sports competition | |||
No | 73.2 | 26.8 | 0.077 |
Yes | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
High school—variables | Abdominal obesity | p value | |
No (%) | Yes (%) | ||
Grade retention | |||
No | 78.8 | 21.2 | 0.014 |
Yes | 64.4 | 35.6 | |
PE facilities | |||
No | 70.0 | 30.0 | 0.063 |
Yes | 78.8 | 21.2 | |
PE preferred subject | |||
No | 77.3 | 22.7 | 0.758 |
Yes | 75.4 | 24.6 | |
PE classes per week | |||
No classes | 70.8 | 29.2 | 0.410 |
1 class | 77.4 | 22.6 | |
≥2 classes | 78.8 | 21.2 | |
Enrollment in sports training (per week) | |||
No enrollment | 79.9 | 20.1 | 0.160 |
1 session | 67.2 | 32.8 | |
2 sessions | 73.8 | 26.2 | |
≥3 sessions | 75.0 | 25.0 | |
Enrollment in sports competition | |||
No | 78.4 | 21.6 | 0.414 |
Yes | 75.2 | 24.8 |
Predictors | Model | Potential Equation * | p Value | Deviance | Hosmer-Lemeshow Test | AUROC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distal: sociodemographic and economic | Level 1 | Model 1: Model 0 † | −249.7 | |||
+Age | 0.031 | |||||
+Biological sex | <0.001 | |||||
+Race/Ethnicity | 0.477 | |||||
Level 2 | Model 2: Model 1 | |||||
+Working student | 0.400 | |||||
+Monthly household income | 0.827 | |||||
Mesial: Elementary school | Level 1 | Model 3: Model 2 | −173.4 | |||
+Grade retention | 0.926 | |||||
+PE facilities | 0.038 | |||||
Level 2 | Model 4: Model 3 | −241.4 | ||||
+PE as preferred subject | 0.744 | |||||
+PE classes per week | 0.442 | |||||
+Enrollment in sports training | 0.369 | |||||
+Enrollment in sport competition | 0.148 | |||||
Mesial: High school | Level 1 | Model 5: Model 4 | −241.6 | |||
+Grade retention | 0.133 | |||||
+PE facility | 0.558 | |||||
Level 2: Screening tool A | Model A: Model 5 | −240.3 | 0.46 | 0.70 (0.64 to 0.75) | ||
+PE as preferred subject | 0.673 | |||||
+PE classes per week | 0.176 | |||||
+Enrollment in sports training | 0.115 | |||||
+Enrollment in sports competition | 0.430 | |||||
Proximal: behaviors | Level 1: Screening tool B | Model B: Model A | −239.1 | 0.77 | 0.70 (0.65 to 0.76) | |
+Score 24 h ‡ | 0.164 | |||||
Proximal: behaviors and weight | Level 2: Screening tool C | Model C: Model B | −124.0 | 0.93 | 0.94 (0.92 to 0.96) | |
+Body weight | <0.001 |
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Xavier, J.F.d.S.; Feuerstein, S.C.; De Moraes, A.C.F.; de Oliveira, T.A.; da Silva Gomes, E.R.; de Almeida Silva, M.I.A.; de Oliveira, L.F.; de Carvalho, H.B.; Marin, K.A.; Nascimento-Ferreira, M.V. Development of a User-Friendly Self-Screening Tool for Assessing Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Youths from Economically Challenged Regions. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080810
Xavier JFdS, Feuerstein SC, De Moraes ACF, de Oliveira TA, da Silva Gomes ER, de Almeida Silva MIA, de Oliveira LF, de Carvalho HB, Marin KA, Nascimento-Ferreira MV. Development of a User-Friendly Self-Screening Tool for Assessing Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Youths from Economically Challenged Regions. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(8):810. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080810
Chicago/Turabian StyleXavier, Jacqueline Fernandes de Sa, Shirley C. Feuerstein, Augusto Cesar Ferreira De Moraes, Tiago Almeida de Oliveira, Evellyn Ravena da Silva Gomes, Maria Isabela Alves de Almeida Silva, Luiz Fernando de Oliveira, Heraclito Barbosa de Carvalho, Kliver Antonio Marin, and Marcus Vinicius Nascimento-Ferreira. 2024. "Development of a User-Friendly Self-Screening Tool for Assessing Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Youths from Economically Challenged Regions" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 8: 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080810