Abundance and Population Decline Factors of Chrysopid Juveniles in Olive Groves and Adjacent Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Area of Study
2.2. Collection of Samples
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Collected Cocoons
3.2. Abundance and Identification of Chrysopids
3.3. Parasitism Rate and Juvenile Chrysopid Parasitoid Complex
3.4. Multivariate Analysis of the Relationship between Parasitoid and Chrysopid Species, Tree Species and Season
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Coordinates | Area (ha) | Number of Trees Sampled | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Almond | Oak | Olive | Pine | Total | |||
Norberto | 37°19’5.96” N; 3°34’9.92” W | 4.3 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 28 |
La Pedriza | 37°20’17.44” N; 3°33’39.21” W | 0.9 | - | 5 | 5 | 8 | 18 |
Los Almendros | 37°22’24.76” N; 3°37’46.03” W | 215 | 8 | 5 | 5 | - | 18 |
Píñar (right) | 37°24’14.29” N; 3°29’14.13” W | 58 | - | 5 | 5 | 8 | 18 |
Píñar (left) | 37°24’40.93” N; 3°28’52.41” W | 124 | 8 | 5 | 5 | - | 18 |
Total | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 100 |
Season | Tree Species | Adult Chrysopids | Parasitized Chrysopids | Predated Chrysopids | Unknown Factors | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Almond | 122 (36.7) | 144 (43.4) | 33 (9.9) | 33 (9.9) | 332 |
Oak | 49 (48) | 34 (33.3) | 9 (8.8) | 10 (9.8) | 102 | |
Olive | 130 (76.9) | 9 (5.3) | 8 (4.7) | 22 (13) | 169 | |
Pine | 109 (63.7) | 34 (19.9) | 3 (1.8) | 25 (14.6) | 171 | |
Subtotal | 410 (53) | 221 (28.6) | 53 (6.8) | 90 (11.6) | 774 | |
Autumn | Almond | 67 (45.3) | 54 (36.5) | 6 (4.1) | 21 (14.2) | 148 |
Oak | 43 (55.8) | 18 (23.4) | 3 (3.9) | 13 (16.9) | 77 | |
Olive | 77 (72.6) | 11 (10.4) | 4 (3.8) | 14 (13.2) | 106 | |
Pine | 18 (42.9) | 19 (45.2) | 2 (4.8) | 3 (7.1) | 42 | |
Subtotal | 205 (55) | 102 (27.3) | 15 (4) | 51 (13.7) | 373 | |
Winter | Almond | 13 (68.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (31.6) | 19 |
Oak | 3 (18.8) | 11 (68.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) | 16 | |
Olive | 24 (72.7) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 8 (24.2) | 33 | |
Pine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 | |
Subtotal | 40 (58.8) | 12 (17.6) | 0 (0) | 16 (23.5) | 68 | |
Spring | Almond | 23 (76.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 6 (20) | 30 |
Oak | 26 (65) | 11 (27.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (7.5) | 40 | |
Olive | 29 (60.4) | 7 (14.6) | 1 (2.1) | 11 (22.9) | 48 | |
Pine | 8 (66.7) | 3 (25) | 0 (0) | 1 (8.3) | 12 | |
Subtotal | 86 (66.2) | 22 (16.9) | 1 (0.8) | 21 (16.2) | 130 | |
Total | 741 (55.1) | 357 (26.5) | 69 (5.1) | 178 (13.2) | 1345 |
Model | Variable | χ² | Degree of Freedom (d.f.) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chrysopid abundance | Tree species | 29.168 | 3 | <0.001 | *** |
Site | 48.165 | 4 | <0.001 | *** | |
Month sampled | 320.795 | 11 | <0.001 | *** | |
Parasitism rate | Tree species | 34.707 | 3 | <0.001 | *** |
Site | 11.832 | 4 | 0.0187 | * | |
Month sampled | 57.895 | 11 | <0.001 | *** |
Season | Tree Species | Cunctochrysa baetica | Chrysoperla lucasina | Chrysoperla mediterranea | Chrysoperla mutata | Chrysoperla pallida | Chrysopa pallens | Pseudomallada flavifrons | Pseudomallada picteti | Pseudomallada prasinus | Rexa almerai |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Almond | * | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0 | * | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0 |
Oak | * | * | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0 | |
Olive | 0 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | * | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | |
Pine | 0 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.52 ± 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Autumn | Almond | 0 | 0 | * | 0 | * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.45 ± 0.14 | 0 |
Oak | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0 | 0 | * | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0 | |
Olive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0 | 0 | * | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 0 | |
Pine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | |
Winter | Almond | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0 |
Oak | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | 0 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0 | |
Olive | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0 | |
Pine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | 0 | |
Spring | Almond | 0 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | 0 | 0.25 ± 0.1 | 0 |
Oak | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0 | |
Olive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | |
Pine | 0 | 0 | 0.29 ± 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | * | * | 0 |
Season | Tree Species | Juvenile Chrysopids Parasitized by | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baryscapus impeditus | Gelis ilicicola | Helorus ruficornis | Isodromus puncticeps | Perilampus minutalis | ||
Summer | Almond | 0.88 ± 0.23 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0 |
Oak | 0 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | * | 0 | |
Olive | 0 | * | * | * | 0 | |
Pine | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
Autumn | Almond | * | 0 | * | * | 0 |
Oak | 0 | 0 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
Olive | * | 0 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | |
Pine | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Winter | Almond | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Oak | 0 | 0 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
Olive | 0 | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |
Pine | 0 | * | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Spring | Almond | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | * |
Oak | * | 0 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | * | |
Olive | 0 | * | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0 | * | |
Pine | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | 0 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Alcalá Herrera, R.; Campos, M.; González-Salvadó, M.; Ruano, F. Abundance and Population Decline Factors of Chrysopid Juveniles in Olive Groves and Adjacent Trees. Insects 2019, 10, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050134
Alcalá Herrera R, Campos M, González-Salvadó M, Ruano F. Abundance and Population Decline Factors of Chrysopid Juveniles in Olive Groves and Adjacent Trees. Insects. 2019; 10(5):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050134
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlcalá Herrera, Rafael, Mercedes Campos, Marina González-Salvadó, and Francisca Ruano. 2019. "Abundance and Population Decline Factors of Chrysopid Juveniles in Olive Groves and Adjacent Trees" Insects 10, no. 5: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050134