Varied Effects of Tending Ant Species on the Development of Facultatively Myrmecophilous Lycaenid Butterfly Larvae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Capturing and Rearing of Study Insects
2.2. Lycaenid Rearing Experiment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mass of the Lycaenids in Each Developmental Stage
3.2. Mass Gain and Feces Mass during the Larval Stage
3.3. Mass Loss from Pupae to Adults
3.4. Developmental Time for Larvae and Pupae
3.5. Frequency of Secreting Reward and TO Eversion
3.6. Number of Tending Ants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ant Tending Condition | Sex | Average Mass ± Standard Error (mg) | n | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd | 4th | Pupa | Adult | |||
Cj | f | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 15.1 ± 0.6 | 92.1 ± 2.3 a | 17.0 ± 0.5 a | 13 |
Lj | f | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.7 | 84.9 ± 2.0 b | 15.2 ± 0.5 b | 10 |
no-ant | f | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 15.3 ± 0.4 | 81.2 ± 1.3 b | 13.3 ± 0.3 c | 16 |
Cj | m | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 13.6 ± 1.0 | 83.7 ± 1.7 A | 11.3 ± 0.3 A | 10 |
Lj | m | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 14.7 ± 0.9 | 83.7 ± 1.6 A | 11.5 ± 0.3 A | 11 |
no-ant | m | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 82.6 ± 1.1 A | 10.9 ± 0.2 A | 17 |
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Mizuno, T.; Hagiwara, Y.; Akino, T. Varied Effects of Tending Ant Species on the Development of Facultatively Myrmecophilous Lycaenid Butterfly Larvae. Insects 2019, 10, 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080234
Mizuno T, Hagiwara Y, Akino T. Varied Effects of Tending Ant Species on the Development of Facultatively Myrmecophilous Lycaenid Butterfly Larvae. Insects. 2019; 10(8):234. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080234
Chicago/Turabian StyleMizuno, Takafumi, Yasuo Hagiwara, and Toshiharu Akino. 2019. "Varied Effects of Tending Ant Species on the Development of Facultatively Myrmecophilous Lycaenid Butterfly Larvae" Insects 10, no. 8: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080234