Insects

11 pages, 1572 KB

Open AccessArticle

Post Mortem Artifacts by Pheidole pallidula (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a Human Corpse and an Overview of the Genus Pheidole in Forensic Entomology

by Marco Pezzi, Erica Di Biase, Federica Fumo, Domenico Bonelli, Federica Mendicino, Francesco Carlomagno, Enrico Schifani, Donato A. Grasso, Milvia Chicca, Vannio Vercillo and Teresa Bonacci

Insects 2026, 17(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020180 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Many ant species play a relevant role in the successional patterns of insects colonizing human and animal corpses. Although feeding behavior in ants depends on the trophic preferences of each taxon, these insects are often reported in several studies as predators of eggs, [...] Read more.

Many ant species play a relevant role in the successional patterns of insects colonizing human and animal corpses. Although feeding behavior in ants depends on the trophic preferences of each taxon, these insects are often reported in several studies as predators of eggs, larvae, and adults of necrophagous insects. Among ants, some species are known to cause damage on human and animal dermis, known as post-mortem skin artifacts. The extensive activity of worker ants on corpses may hinder forensic pathological investigations aimed at determining the cause and location of death, as well as the assessment of entomologists in estimating the minimum post-mortem interval. We report for the first time a case of skin lesions on a human corpse found in a suburban area of the city of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy), caused by the ant Pheidole pallidula (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). During the autopsy, numerous individuals (major and minor workers) were observed feeding on the corpse, but no other insects were found on it. We discuss the appearance of skin artifacts caused by P. pallidula and provide an overview of the genus Pheidole in forensic entomology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical and Livestock Entomology)

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14 pages, 1523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serratia marcescens Is Associated with Larval Mortality and Gut Dysbiosis in the Hornet Vespa analis

by Xinzhou Yang, Yanfen Ma, Gang Du, Xianjiao Tian, Jinwei Dao, Yunjiao Guo, Jianrui Niu, Zhiyuan Wang and Binsheng Luo

Insects 2026, 17(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020179 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Social wasps, including hornets, are increasingly recognized not only as invasive pests but also as farmed insects; however, their gut microbiota and associated diseases remain poorly characterized. In indoor rearing facilities for the hornet Vespa analis in Dehong, Yunnan, China, we observed recurrent [...] Read more.

Social wasps, including hornets, are increasingly recognized not only as invasive pests but also as farmed insects; however, their gut microbiota and associated diseases remain poorly characterized. In indoor rearing facilities for the hornet Vespa analis in Dehong, Yunnan, China, we observed recurrent larval disease with weakness, larvae falling from the nests, and high mortality. To identify the causative agent and its effects on the gut community, we isolated bacteria from diseased larvae, characterized them by morphology, biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and then established an oral infection model. A red-pigmented isolate, designated YR2, was identified as Serratia marcescens. Oral inoculation with YR2 reproduced disease signs and significantly increased larval mortality, and a phenotypically consistent S. marcescens isolate was reisolated from infected larval guts. Amplicon sequencing showed that healthy larvae harbored gut communities dominated by Proteobacteria, whereas infection was associated with reduced diversity and a dysbiotic shift with enrichment of Enterobacterales. Our results support S. marcescens as a strong candidate pathogen associated with larval disease and mortality in Vespa analis under indoor-rearing conditions. Our findings provide a basis for pathogen surveillance and microbiota management in indoor hornet husbandry, and support improved biosecurity and health monitoring practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

20 pages, 5138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Characterization of Chemosensory Gene Families in Two Phthorimaea Pests

by Wangtao Hu, Ruipeng Chen, Qi Su and Yulin Gao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020178 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Insects rely on their olfactory systems for host finding, mate choice, and oviposition. These odor-guided behaviors are mediated by the peripheral chemosensory system. The solanaceous pests Phthorimaea operculella and Phthorimaea absoluta cause severe damage to solanaceous crops worldwide. In this study, we aimed [...] Read more.

Insects rely on their olfactory systems for host finding, mate choice, and oviposition. These odor-guided behaviors are mediated by the peripheral chemosensory system. The solanaceous pests Phthorimaea operculella and Phthorimaea absoluta cause severe damage to solanaceous crops worldwide. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the olfactory molecular mechanisms of these two pests. We first screened and identified odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) from the genomes of P. operculella and P. absoluta. We then used RNA sequencing to characterize the tissue expression profiles of OBPs, CSPs, and SNMPs in P. operculella across developmental stages and adult chemosensory organs. From P. operculella, 47 OBPs, 26 CSPs, and 2 SNMPs were identified, and from P. absoluta, 39 OBPs, 24 CSPs, and 2 SNMPs were identified. RNA-seq-based expression profiling in P. operculella was used to resolve sex-biased deployment in antennae: DESeq2 analysis (|log₂FC| > 1, FDR < 0.05) identified 24 OBPs and four CSPs with significant sexual dimorphism, with 14 OBPs and four CSPs upregulated in female antennae (FAn) and 10 OBPs and one CSP, together with SNMP2, upregulated in male antennae (MAn). In reproductive tissues (FOv vs. MGe), three OBPs and one CSP were enriched in the female ovipositor (FOv), whereas six OBPs and five CSPs were enriched in male genitalia (MGe), and no SNMPs met the differential-expression threshold. These candidate genes provide molecular entry points for functional studies and for developing behavior-based, environmentally compatible management strategies for P. operculella and P. absoluta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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21 pages, 1025 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Selenite and Selenate on the Growth, Nutrient Composition, Selenium Species, and In Vitro Digestibility of Mealworm Tenebrio molitor

by Shizhong Yue, Shan Jiang, Shuwen Zhang, Chengjie Wang, Wenqi Zhang, Tianran Li, Ruiping Wang, Huaitao Li, Xingtang Zhao, Huaishen Li and Jiafeng Yu

Insects 2026, 17(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020177 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study systematically compared the growth performance, nutrient composition, accumulation and speciation of selenium (Se), and in vitro bioaccessibility in yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae, which were reared on substrates supplemented with selenite (Se⁴⁺) and selenate (Se⁶⁺) [...] Read more.

This study systematically compared the growth performance, nutrient composition, accumulation and speciation of selenium (Se), and in vitro bioaccessibility in yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae, which were reared on substrates supplemented with selenite (Se⁴⁺) and selenate (Se⁶⁺) at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg over 28 days. The results showed that high Se concentrations (≥10 mg/kg) significantly reduced larval biomass, with Se⁶⁺ having a slightly stronger inhibitory effect than Se⁴⁺. The mealworms effectively accumulated Se in a dose- and form-dependent manner. Peak total Se concentrations were observed on day 14, after which there was a decline, suggesting the presence of potential elimination mechanisms, such as moulting. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were all below 1, indicating its limited enrichment capacity for both Se⁴⁺ and Se⁶⁺. Nutrient composition was altered, with both Se forms stimulating crude protein and polysaccharide synthesis while inhibiting fat accumulation. Mineral content (Mg, Fe, Zn) was also modulated, with differences observed between the Se⁴⁺ and Se⁶⁺ treatments. Notably, mealworms exhibited a remarkable ability to biotransform inorganic Se into organic forms, with organic Se proportions exceeding 79% in all treatments. Selenate was more efficiently bio-converted, yielding a higher proportion of organic Se. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion revealed significantly higher Se bioaccessibility from Se⁶⁺-treated mealworms (up to 85.12%) than from Se⁴⁺-treated ones (up to 60.67%). Analysis of the bioaccessible fraction by Se speciation identified SeCys₂ as the dominant compound (>92% of the detected species), with much lower levels of SeMet. Trace amounts of unmetabolised Se⁶⁺ were only detected in the Se⁶⁺-exposed groups. These findings highlight T. molitor as an efficient bioreactor for producing bioaccessible, organically bound Se, primarily as SeCys₂, with Se⁶⁺ being the more favourable precursor for generating a high-quality, bioavailable source of Se for potential use in feed or food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as Food: Advances in Edible Insect Research and Applications)

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14 pages, 1485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electroantennographic and Behavioral Response of Female Moroccan locusts [Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)] to Male-Specific Aldehydes

by Elisa Tarantino, Benjamin Fürstenau, Clàudia Corbella-Martorell, Iria Rodríguez, María Milagro Coca-Abia, Carmen Quero and Sergio López

Insects 2026, 17(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020176 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is recognized as a serious pest of pastures and crops in many Mediterranean countries. So far, the identification of chemical compounds involved in intraspecific communication has been elusive, with only one male-specific compound, namely [...] Read more.

The Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is recognized as a serious pest of pastures and crops in many Mediterranean countries. So far, the identification of chemical compounds involved in intraspecific communication has been elusive, with only one male-specific compound, namely (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enal (2E,7R,11R-phytal), proposed as candidate sex pheromone component. Previous works reported that males also release the sex-specific long-chain aldehydes tetradecanal and hexadecanal, although no evidence of their role in chemical signaling has been presented so far. Here we additionally report another male-specific compound, viz. pentadecanal, and also report the electroantennographic and behavioral responses of virgin and mated females to these three aldehydes. We first demonstrated that their release is age-dependent, with emission overall peaking at 1–2 weeks after fledging. Solid-phase microextraction analyses from male hind legs suggest that these aldehydes are released from this body part. Overall, the antennae of virgin and mated females exhibited a dose-dependent response to increasing concentrations of each aldehyde, except for the response of virgin females to hexadecanal. Significant differences were observed between virgin and mated females at all doses of hexadecanal, while the mating status did not influence the response to tetradecanal and pentadecanal. Furthermore, the behavioral response of females varied according to their mating status. Specifically, mated females showed a significant preference for tetradecanal and pentadecanal, whereas a slight but non-significant attraction to hexadecanal was observed on virgin females. These findings provide new insights into the sexual communication of the species, although further research is needed to decipher their ecological function, especially on mated females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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15 pages, 4319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Host Usage in Aedes aegypti from Houston, Texas, and Phoenix, Arizona, Using Third-Generation Sequencing Blood Meal Analysis

by Brittani A. Ciomperlik, Edwin R. Burgess IV, Neil D. Sanscrainte, Mba-Tihssommah Mosore, John Townsend, James B. Will, Nicole Busser and Alden S. Estep

Insects 2026, 17(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020175 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

The ecology and establishment of Aedes aegypti in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate areas makes them one of the most medically relevant mosquito species. While they have been reported to be highly anthropophilic, several studies indicate a broader host range. They also reportedly take [...] Read more.

The ecology and establishment of Aedes aegypti in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate areas makes them one of the most medically relevant mosquito species. While they have been reported to be highly anthropophilic, several studies indicate a broader host range. They also reportedly take multiple blood meals between gonotrophic cycles, which makes determination of host usage difficult when using common blood meal analysis methods. In this study, we examined host usage of Ae. aegypti in Harris County, Texas (Houston), and Maricopa County, Arizona (Phoenix), using a nanopore-based third-generation sequencing protocol to resolve host usage and multiplicity. Using this method, approximately 80% of samples from each location with evidence of blood feeding resulted in blood meal identification, with a single host blood meal identified in about 80% of samples and approximately 20% containing evidence of multiple blood meals. Overall, we observed a wide host range with human DNA being the most prevalent followed by feline (Felis catus) and canine (Canis lupus). We also identified avian, rodent, ungulate and even ectotherm usage by Ae. aegypti from Maricopa County. This study demonstrates the utility of a third-generation sequencing method to identify less common hosts, like ectotherms in Arizona, and to resolve multiple feedings which remain difficult to resolve by current Sanger-based methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 4779 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Prey-Mediated Sublethal Exposure to Imidacloprid and Nitenpyram on the Fitness and Predation Capacity in Chrysopa pallens

by Ting Chen, Shengwei Deng, Wei Wang, Ju Yao, Weifeng Guo and Yongsheng Yao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020174 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Chrysopa pallens Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a key predatory species in cotton agroecosystems. This study investigated the prey-mediated sublethal effects of imidacloprid and nitenpyram at low concentrations (LC₂₀), on C. pallens when exposed via consumption of contaminated prey, assessing impacts on [...] Read more.

Chrysopa pallens Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a key predatory species in cotton agroecosystems. This study investigated the prey-mediated sublethal effects of imidacloprid and nitenpyram at low concentrations (LC₂₀), on C. pallens when exposed via consumption of contaminated prey, assessing impacts on its development and predatory function. C. pallens is a key predatory species in cotton agroecosystems. This study investigated the prey-mediated sublethal effects of imidacloprid and nitenpyram (LC₂₀) on the developmental performance and predatory capacity of C. pallens. Leaf-dipping bioassays were used to assess the toxicity of imidacloprid and nitenpyram to Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Age-stage, two-sex life table analysis was conducted to evaluate their subsequent effects on the life history traits and predation performance of C. pallens. Imidacloprid was more toxic to A. gossypii than nitenpyram. Sublethal exposure marginally prolonged larval development, but the effect was not statistically significant. Both insecticides significantly extended the pupal stage, with nitenpyram inducing a greater delay. Imidacloprid markedly increased adult longevity, and both compounds significantly reduced female fecundity. Imidacloprid also suppress predatory behavior more potently, decreasing daily adult consumption and reducing first-instar attack rates by approximately 30%. Although all treatments followed a Holling type II functional response, both insecticides increased handling time and reduced searching efficiency. Overall, imidacloprid primarily inhibited predatory performance, whereas nitenpyram more strongly prolonged development and reduced critical population growth parameters. These findings provide essential evidence for ecological risk assessment and for refining the incorporation of natural enemies into cotton integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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24 pages, 4017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Strategies of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae) to Short-Term High Temperature Stress: Insights from Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses

by Qian Huang, Suosheng Huang, Biqiu Wu, Liping Long, Cheng Li, Siyu Chen and Yan Ling

Insects 2026, 17(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020173 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, a key natural enemy of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, has been observed to tolerate short-term high-temperature exposure; however, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying this heat tolerance remain unclear, which may hinder its effective conservation and utilization. Here, [...] Read more.

Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, a key natural enemy of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, has been observed to tolerate short-term high-temperature exposure; however, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying this heat tolerance remain unclear, which may hinder its effective conservation and utilization. Here, we combined physiological and biochemical assays with transcriptome sequencing to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance in C. lividipennis following 1 h exposure to three temperatures: 26 °C (control), 33 °C (moderate heat stress), and 40 °C (severe heat stress). At 40 °C, sorbitol, trehalose, lipid, and glycogen contents increased significantly, whereas glycerol levels declined. Transcriptomic profiling revealed temperature-dependent DEGs enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and protein folding, sorting, and degradation, with pronounced temperature-dependent upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP) gene families. Together, these results demonstrate that C. lividipennis coordinates its heat stress response through soluble polyol accumulation, which is known to act as a compatible osmolytes that help stabilize proteins and membranes and mitigate thermal damage, energy metabolic reprogramming, and HSP-mediated proteostasis, thereby providing a theoretical basis for its conservation and utilization in sustainable paddy agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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15 pages, 2908 KB

Open AccessArticle

Species Composition and Emergence Patterns of Agriotes litigiosus, A. brevis and A. sordidus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Central Italy

by Abdalhadi M.A. Abulebda, Giorgio Sperandio, Sara Ruschioni, Matteo Pacella, Maria Chiara Battistelli, Nunzio Isidoro and Paola Riolo

Insects 2026, 17(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020172 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Click beetles (Agriotes spp.) are major agricultural pests whose larvae, known as wireworms, cause serious damage to a wide range of crops. Effective management requires a clear understanding of species composition and adult emergence patterns. This study investigated three Agriotes species in [...] Read more.

Click beetles (Agriotes spp.) are major agricultural pests whose larvae, known as wireworms, cause serious damage to a wide range of crops. Effective management requires a clear understanding of species composition and adult emergence patterns. This study investigated three Agriotes species in central Italy, focusing on their abundance and phenology in the Marche region. Field monitoring was conducted at six sites using pheromone traps from 2024 to 2025. Three species were detected: A. litigiosus, A. brevis, and A. sordidus, with A. litigiosus being the most abundant. Adult emergence displayed species-specific timing, occurring earliest in A. brevis, followed by A. sordidus and subsequently A. litigiosus. These findings highlight the importance of species-specific monitoring to optimize pest-control strategies. A deeper understanding of Agriotes’ flight dynamics can support more effective and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, reducing reliance on chemical control and minimizing crop damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Conservation of Biodiversity, Monitoring Programs and Trend Assessment)

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14 pages, 2654 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Dynamics and Biological Control of Leucoptera malifoliella in Apple Orchards in Hebei Province, China

by Jia-Qiang Zhao, Hong-Wei Zhang, Qi Gao, Sheng-Ping Zhang, Shi-Hang Zhao, Jian-Ming Li, Han Chang, Zhao-Hui Yang and Guo-Liang Xu

Insects 2026, 17(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020171 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Leucoptera malifoliella has become a severe leaf-mining pest in Chinese apple orchards, especially under expanding organic and green cultivation practices, with effective management hindered by insufficient contemporary ecological data. To fill this gap, this 2023–2025 study conducted in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, combined field monitoring, [...] Read more.

Leucoptera malifoliella has become a severe leaf-mining pest in Chinese apple orchards, especially under expanding organic and green cultivation practices, with effective management hindered by insufficient contemporary ecological data. To fill this gap, this 2023–2025 study conducted in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, combined field monitoring, morphological analysis, flight mill assays, and parasitoid release trials to clarify the moth’s phenology, develop rapid pupal sexing methods, quantify adult flight capacity, and assess Trichogramma dendrolimi biocontrol potential. The results showed five annual generations (overwintering as pupae), peak damage in July–August, and marked generational overlap. A reliable pupal sexing method was established via genital opening morphology. Adult flight peaked at 3 days post-emergence (max distance: 1.223 km), with no sexual dimorphism. Timely T. dendrolimi releases boosted parasitism rates, achieving 23.4–49.6% control efficacy during peak damage, with the parasitism rate positively correlated with efficacy. This study confirms the moth’s potential for generational increase under climate warming and medium-distance dispersal capacity, validating Trichogramma’s utility and laying a scientific foundation for precise, regionally coordinated ecological management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lepidoptera: Behavior, Ecology, and Biology)

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18 pages, 1131 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insecticidal and Sublethal Effects of Artemisia scoparia Essential Oil on Liriomyza sativae

by Sicheng Zuo, Rui Zhang, Bin Yan, Yuze Zhang, Zheng Duan, Jingyi Sun, Haibin Yuan and Xing Huang

Insects 2026, 17(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020170 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Liriomyza sativae is a serious pest of horticultural and ornamental crops worldwide. The overuse of chemical insecticides has caused resistance and environmental pollution, demanding alternative control methods. Plant essential oils, with their insecticidal activity, serve as promising natural alternatives to synthetic insecticides. This [...] Read more.

Liriomyza sativae is a serious pest of horticultural and ornamental crops worldwide. The overuse of chemical insecticides has caused resistance and environmental pollution, demanding alternative control methods. Plant essential oils, with their insecticidal activity, serve as promising natural alternatives to synthetic insecticides. This study characterized the chemical composition of Artemisia scoparia essential oil using GC-MS and evaluated its insecticidal and growth inhibitory effects against L. sativae. The results showed that the major components were agropyrene (18.96%), o-cymene (12.60%), and caryophyllene oxide (11.35%). The essential oil of A. scoparia demonstrated significant fumigant toxicity against L. sativae adults, with an LC₅₀ value of 0.40 µL/L air after 8 h of exposure. Sublethal concentrations (LC₁₀ and LC₂₀) prolonged the pre-adult developmental stages and reduced the longevity of female adults. The oviposition period and fecundity were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Additionally, reproductive parameters, including the net reproductive rate (R₀), gross reproduction rate (GRR), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ), were significantly lower than the control group. The results indicate that A. scoparia essential oil has potent fumigant and growth-inhibitory effects on L. sativae, offering a promising and sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides for pest control in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Efficacy of Insecticides and Botanicals Against Pests—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 13877 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oligosaccharides Reduce the Survival of Apis cerana and Disrupt the Gut Symbiont Gilliamella

by Yulong Guo, Haoyuan Zhang, Wenzheng Zhao, Yakai Tian, Dan Yue, Xueyang Gong and Kun Dong

Insects 2026, 17(2), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020169 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Honeybees are vital pollinators that contribute substantially to global ecosystem stability and agricultural productivity. Camellia reticulata, a cross-pollinated crop species, depends on honeybees for successful reproduction. Apis cerana shows reluctance to pollinate C. reticulata, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon [...] Read more.

Honeybees are vital pollinators that contribute substantially to global ecosystem stability and agricultural productivity. Camellia reticulata, a cross-pollinated crop species, depends on honeybees for successful reproduction. Apis cerana shows reluctance to pollinate C. reticulata, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unexplored. In this study, we performed controlled feeding experiments in which adult worker A. cerana were supplied with stachyose, raffinose, and their combination. We assessed physiological traits including survival rate, sucrose solution consumption, and body weight gain, alongside histological changes in intestinal cell structures. We conducted RNA-seq of gut tissues as well as 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomic profiling. Our findings revealed that the mixed oligosaccharide treatment significantly reduced the survival rate of workers, and three oligosaccharide treatments significantly reduced sucrose consumption in A. cerana. Both mixed and single-oligosaccharide treatments caused pronounced intestinal cell damage and disrupted the gut microbial community structure. Among the gut microbes, Gilliamella exhibited the most substantial decline in the stachyose group. Metabolomic analysis further demonstrated that oligosaccharide feeding significantly altered amino acid and galactose metabolism pathways, which may play critical roles in oligosaccharide utilization and directly influence honeybee survival. In summary, this study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying A. cerana mortality associated with C. reticulata pollination. These findings not only enhance our understanding of host-diet-microbiota interactions in honey bees but also offer a theoretical basis for the integrated management of A. cerana for C. reticulata pollination and the development of oligosaccharide-adapted bee diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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13 pages, 2233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Bacterial Community Structure and Function Prediction of Lygus pratensis at Different Developmental Stages

by Tailong Li, Pengfei Li, Mengchun Li, Kunyan Wang, Changqing Gou and Hongzu Feng

Insects 2026, 17(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020168 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

L. pratensis is a significant pest of cotton. Clarifying the intestinal bacterial structure of L. pratensis can provide a theoretical basis for the development of new pest biological control strategies. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to characterize the intestinal bacterial communities [...] Read more.

L. pratensis is a significant pest of cotton. Clarifying the intestinal bacterial structure of L. pratensis can provide a theoretical basis for the development of new pest biological control strategies. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to characterize the intestinal bacterial communities across five L. pratensis populations, and the functions of their core metabolic pathways were predicted. The results showed that the intestinal bacterial communities of the five L. pratensis populations comprised 16 phyla, 25 classes, 54 orders, 85 families, 133 genera, and 187 species. Diversity analysis revealed that the diversity of the intestinal bacterial community exhibited a dynamic trend of first increasing and then decreasing during the pest’s growth and development. Specifically, the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices of the nymphal stage were significantly higher than those of the egg and adult stages (p < 0.05). The dominant phylum, class, order, family, genus and species shared by the five groups were Proteobacteria (93.17%), Gammaproteobacteria (48.71%), Rickettsiales (43.83%), Anaplasmataceae (49.39%), Wolbachia (43.83%) and Wolbachia (43.82%). Among them, Acinetobacter was mainly found in the first instar nymph stage, and Serratia was mainly distributed in the fifth instar nymph and female and male adults. Functional prediction results showed that the intestinal bacterial community was mainly enriched in core pathways, including metabolism, genetic information processing, and environmental information processing. This study provides a new target for green prevention and control of L. pratensis and also provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the succession law and functional mechanism of its gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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22 pages, 4526 KB

Open AccessReview

The Insect Eye: From Foundational Biology to Modern Applications in Pest Management

by Marianna Varone, Paola Di Lillo, Francesca Lucibelli, Gennaro Volpe, Angela Carfora, Sarah Maria Mazzucchiello, Serena Aceto, Giuseppe Saccone and Marco Salvemini

Insects 2026, 17(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020167 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

The ability of an animal to perceive its visual environment underpins many behaviors essential to survival, including navigation, foraging, predator avoidance, and recognition of conspecific individuals, making vision a critical element of both reproductive success and survival itself. In insects, eyes have evolved [...] Read more.

The ability of an animal to perceive its visual environment underpins many behaviors essential to survival, including navigation, foraging, predator avoidance, and recognition of conspecific individuals, making vision a critical element of both reproductive success and survival itself. In insects, eyes have evolved widely, shaped by different habitats and lifestyles, with striking examples such as the high-resolution diurnal vision of dragonflies, which enables rapid detection of prey and environmental features, in contrast with the highly sensitive nocturnal optical system of hawkmoths, which specializes in capturing even single photons. At the core of this diversity is a fundamental trade-off: at one extreme lies sensitivity, the ability to perceive visual stimuli, even under poor lighting conditions. At the other extreme, acuity, is the ability to resolve fine spatial details. This review seeks to synthesize current knowledge of insect visual systems, from their evolutionary origins to the developmental processes so far identified, from cellular organization to their role in behavior, to provide insights for designing novel, targeted, and sustainable vision-based technologies for the control of pest insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects Sensory Ecology: From Natural Environments to Neural Mechanisms)

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16 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sublethal Pyriproxyfen Exposure Alters Anopheles arabiensis Fitness and Pyrethroid Susceptibility Without Trans-Generational Carry-Over

by Simoni Twaha Mnzava, Augustino Thabiti Mmbaga, Anitha Mutashobya, Letus Laurian Muyaga, Mwema Felix Mwema, Halfan Ngowo and Dickson Wilson Lwetoijera

Insects 2026, 17(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020166 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analog, is a promising chemical for autodissemination strategies, where mosquitoes aid in transferring insecticides to their breeding sites. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PPF doses on Anopheles arabiensis fitness (fecundity, fertility, and body size) and [...] Read more.

Background: Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analog, is a promising chemical for autodissemination strategies, where mosquitoes aid in transferring insecticides to their breeding sites. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PPF doses on Anopheles arabiensis fitness (fecundity, fertility, and body size) and pyrethroids susceptibility across three generations. Methods: Laboratory-reared, pyrethroid-resistant mosquito larvae were exposed once to sublethal PPF concentrations of (0.0003, 0.0006, 0.0008, and 0.001 mg a.i./L), which caused emergence inhibition rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, alongside a control group. Emerged adults were tested for susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin, 3.75% permethrin, and 0.05% deltamethrin using WHO tube bioassays. Knockdown was recorded at 1 h, mortality at 24 h post-exposure, while fecundity, fertility, and body size were measured across three generations. Results: First-generation Anopheles arabiensis emerging from PPF-treated larvae showed reduced susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin compared to controls. Mortality from permethrin dropped from 22.7% in the controls to 11% and then 3% at 0.0003 and 0.001 mg a.i./L. For deltamethrin, mortality fell from 62.7% to 36% and then 23.3% at the same concentrations. Knockdown at 60 min was also significantly reduced, with permethrin KDT₆₀ dropping from 41.3% in controls to 9.3% and 3.3%, and deltamethrin KDT₆₀ from 79.7% to 66.7% and 65%. No significant differences were observed in subsequent generations (p > 0.05). PPF exposure also induced notable fitness costs in the first generation: mean wing length decreased from 3.07 mm in controls to 2.88–2.66 mm (6–13% reduction), mean egg production dropped from 30.1 to 13.9–18.8 eggs per female (37–54% reduction), and egg hatching rate declined from 87% to 79–82% (6–9% reduction). Conclusions: These findings suggest that sublethal PPF doses can temporarily enhance insecticide resistance without leading to heritable resistance and negatively impact key mosquito fitness traits. PPF may thus be a valuable addition to integrated vector management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 362 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Arthropods as Models for Transdisciplinary Bio-Inspired Research and Discovery

by Jillian Kurovski, Nicole R. Sexton, Angela K. Pannier and Eileen A. Hebets

Insects 2026, 17(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020165 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

This opinion article proposes that arthropods, with their tremendous biodiversity and evolutionary resilience, can offer abundant opportunities for integrative, transdisciplinary, solution-focused research. To support this proposal, we first (1) introduce arthropods and showcase their deep evolutionary history and tremendous diversity. Next, we (2) [...] Read more.

This opinion article proposes that arthropods, with their tremendous biodiversity and evolutionary resilience, can offer abundant opportunities for integrative, transdisciplinary, solution-focused research. To support this proposal, we first (1) introduce arthropods and showcase their deep evolutionary history and tremendous diversity. Next, we (2) briefly discuss the role of arthropods in the history of human innovation and highlight some of the challenges they have helped us overcome. We provide select examples of the importance and innovation of arthropods in food, medicine, agriculture, materials, and technology. We then discuss (3) arthropods and grand challenges, articulating how they are both part of the problem and key to the solution. (4) We discuss multiple models for creating transdisciplinary research teams—1. challenge-focused, 2. taxon-focused, and 3. innovatively open-ended with respect to challenge and taxon—and the scales at which they can be created—local/regional/global. Finally, (5) we suggest that arthropods can provide a centering focal point for transdisciplinary research; an inspirational magnet that can pull together distinct scholars to coalesce and collaborate around a common nature-based theme. Our strategic next steps include exploring open-ended arthropod-focused research teams, as they would be well-positioned to tackle multiple solution-based collaborations, and such collaborations are likely to lead to novel discoveries and nature-inspired innovations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropods in Ecosystem Resilience: Biodiversity, Distribution, and Conservation Strategies)

23 pages, 3685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Two New Species of the Genus Caryanda Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Yunnan, China Identified Based on Morphological and Molecular Data

by Fangting Li, Hong Song, Yongmei Zhao, Jianyu Chen, Jinchen Yang, Miao Li and Benyong Mao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020164 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Carynada is a group of morphologically diverse, non-flying locusts. In November 2024, we first discovered two unknown species of the genus in Nangonghe Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province. In this study, the effectiveness of these two new species was verified by integrating morphological, morphometric, [...] Read more.

Carynada is a group of morphologically diverse, non-flying locusts. In November 2024, we first discovered two unknown species of the genus in Nangonghe Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province. In this study, the effectiveness of these two new species was verified by integrating morphological, morphometric, and mitochondrial genomic methods. Finally, two new species, Carynada gengmaensis Mao et Li sp. nov. and Carynada analbomaculata Mao et Li sp. nov., were proposed and described in detail, and two similar species color plates were attached: C. cyanonota Mao & Li, 2015 and C. albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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23 pages, 2868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Honey Bee Colony Strength on Foraging Productivity and Its Application to Precision Pollination

by Sandra Kordić Evans, George Clouston, Yuval Regev, Elizabeth M. Walsh, Kate Ihle, Frank Rinkevich, Michael Simone-Finstrom and Huw Evans

Insects 2026, 17(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020163 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Honey bee pollination of entomophilous commercial crops is a major input in agricultural management yet unlike irrigation, fertilisation and plant protection have yet to be integrated into precision agriculture practices. This study examines colony strength as a key determinant of efficient pollination. Over [...] Read more.

Honey bee pollination of entomophilous commercial crops is a major input in agricultural management yet unlike irrigation, fertilisation and plant protection have yet to be integrated into precision agriculture practices. This study examines colony strength as a key determinant of efficient pollination. Over three years and across two study sites, we evaluated the relationship between colony strength (frames of bees, FOBs) and colony productivity using continuous hive weight monitoring. Hive weight data were analysed for both absolute gains and relative gains normalised per FOB across colony strengths. In all study periods, stronger colonies showed disproportionately higher weight gains compared to weaker colonies. For each additional FOB, the average increase in normalised weight gain ranged from 0.1 to 0.41 kg per colony, indicating a non-linear relationship between colony strength and productivity. An efficiency factor calculated for groups of strong and weak colonies ranged from 1.2 to 2.6, depending on the season and crop. Moreover, during periods of forage dearth, strong colonies exhibited lower weight losses than the weak colonies per FOB, making them more efficient under resource limited conditions. Our findings demonstrate that colony strength significantly influences foraging efficiency and colony resilience, ultimately supporting the conclusion that fewer stronger colonies will improve pollination outcomes while reducing the economic and environmental costs associated with commercial pollination services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Pollinators and Pollination Service Provision)

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17 pages, 5256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family Against Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae

by Luis Mario Ayala-Guerrero, Francisco Javier Mondragón-Rojas, Anselmo De Jesús Cabrera-Hidalgo, María de los Ángeles Bivian-Hernández, Mayra Beatriz Gómez-Patiño, Petra Andrade-Hoyos, Aarón Mendieta-Moctezuma and Patricia Ibarra-Torres

Insects 2026, 17(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020162 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest affecting maize production worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, which generate environmental risks and resistance. Essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative due to their biodegradability and the biological activity of their terpenoid constituents. [...] Read more.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest affecting maize production worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, which generate environmental risks and resistance. Essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative due to their biodegradability and the biological activity of their terpenoid constituents. This study evaluated the chemical composition, larvicidal activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of the EOs from Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita against S. frugiperda larvae at the L1, L2, and L4 instars. Chemical characterization by GC–MS revealed distinct chemotypes: a phenolic/terpenoid profile in O. vulgare, a 1,8-cineole-type profile in L. dentata, and a menthol-rich composition in M. piperita. Larvicidal assays showed dose- and stage-dependent responses, and M. piperita EO tended to produce the most robust mortality across instars and times, consistently producing high mortality (75%) at 90 µg·mL⁻¹ air concentration. AChE inhibition assays revealed that carvacrol and menthone were the most active constituents with IC₅₀ values of 312–330 µg·mL⁻¹. Molecular docking supported these results, as carvacrol and menthone showed the most favorable interactions with amino acid residues of the AChE catalytic site. These data support their suitability as candidates for integrated pest management programs targeting S. frugiperda. Future research should focus on formulation strategies, synergistic combinations, detoxification mechanisms, and field validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spodoptera frugiperda: Current Situation and Future Prospects)

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