Population Genetics of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China Based on nad4 Gene Sequence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. DNA Extraction and Amplification
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Genetic Diversity
3.2. Population Genetic Structure
3.3. Estimation of Migration Rates
3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
3.4.1. Phylogenetic Trees Construction
3.4.2. Median-Joining Network of Haplotypes
3.5. Demographic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location (City, Province) | Abbreviation | Number of Individuals | Longitude | Latitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shiyan, Hubei | SY | 21 | 110°28′(E) | 32°23′(N) |
Zigui, Hubei | ZG | 21 | 110°58′(E) | 30°49′(N) |
Yichang, Hubei | YC | 19 | 111°19′(E) | 30°46′(N) |
Jingzhou, Hubei | JZ | 20 | 112°14′(E) | 30°20′(N) |
Xiangxi, Hunan | XX | 16 | 109°44′(E) | 28°18′(N) |
Taoyuan, Hunan | TY | 21 | 111°28′(E) | 28°54′(N) |
Linli, Hunan | LL | 20 | 111°38′(E) | 29°26′(N) |
Fuchuan, Guangxi | FC | 19 | 111°16′(E) | 24°38′(N) |
Luzhai, Guangxi | LZ | 20 | 109°43′(E) | 24°28′(N) |
Qinglong, Guizhou | QL | 20 | 105°12′(E) | 25°50′(N) |
Guiyang, Guizhou | GY | 21 | 106°39′(E) | 26°24′(N) |
Wulong, Chongqing | WL | 18 | 107°45′(E) | 29°19′(N) |
Zhongxian, Chongqing | ZX | 21 | 108°01′(E) | 30°18′(N) |
Wanzhou, Chongqing | WZ | 19 | 108°24′(E) | 30°48′(N) |
Yunyang, Chongqing | YY | 20 | 108°41′(E) | 30°55′(N) |
Wushan, Chongqing | WS | 23 | 109°52′(E) | 31°04′(N) |
Hanzhong, Shanxi | HZ | 20 | 107°01′(E) | 33°04′(N) |
Jiangyou, Sichuan | JY | 20 | 104°44′(E) | 31°46′(N) |
Population | S | h | k | π | Tajima’s D | Fu’s FS | τ | PSSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SY | 4 | 0.724 | 1.095 | 0.002 | 0.787 | −27.046 ** | 3.742 | 0.180 |
ZG | 14 | 0.924 | 3.824 | 0.007 | 0.157 | −24.443 ** | 4.926 | 0.390 |
YC | 7 | 0.526 | 1.076 | 0.002 | −1.558 * | −20.489 ** | 10.309 | 0.480 |
JZ | 5 | 0.432 | 0.837 | 0.001 | −1.243 | −34.028 ** | 0.004 | 0.000 |
XX | 5 | 0.425 | 1.225 | 0.002 | −0.274 | −28.882 ** | 0.066 | 0.000 |
TY | 15 | 0.810 | 2.457 | 0.004 | −1.535 * | −26.755 ** | 0.525 | 0.000 |
LL | 23 | 0.800 | 3.105 | 0.005 | −1.778 * | −23.195 ** | 0.352 | 0.000 |
FC | 6 | 0.708 | 2.117 | 0.003 | 0.755 | −26.845 ** | 3.414 | 0.040 |
LZ | 9 | 0.795 | 2.937 | 0.005 | 0.542 | −25.571 ** | 4.621 | 0.040 |
QL | 14 | 0.837 | 3.474 | 0.006 | −0.849 | −21.614 ** | 6.227 | 0.120 |
GY | 11 | 0.886 | 2.405 | 0.004 | −0.355 | −25.177 ** | 3.818 | 0.170 |
WL | 21 | 0.928 | 5.327 | 0.009 | −0.499 | −15.610 ** | 5.787 | 0.410 |
ZX | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 34.028 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
WZ | 28 | 0.386 | 3.146 | 0.005 | −2.398 ** | −23.178 ** | 3.000 | 0.160 |
YY | 16 | 0.868 | 2.832 | 0.005 | −1.383 | −25.864 ** | 2.236 | 0.670 |
WS | 11 | 0.818 | 2.996 | 0.005 | 0.018 | −26.357 ** | 4.125 | 0.340 |
HZ | 2 | 0.479 | 0.958 | 0.002 | 1.639 | −34.028 ** | 2.761 | 0.160 |
JY | 22 | 0.837 | 5.584 | 0.010 | −0.215 | −17.651 ** | 6.268 | 0.090 |
All | 93 | 0.917 | 4.217 | 0.007 | −1.979 ** | −24.928 ** | 4.287 | 0.860 |
CC | −1.923 ** | −25.881 ** | 7.143 | 0.910 | ||||
SC | 0.534 | −26.622 ** | 3.639 | 0.080 | ||||
WC | −1.764 ** | −25.194 ** | 4.504 | 0.760 |
Locus Analyzed | Source of Variation | df. | Sum of Squares | Variance Components | Percentage of Variation | Fixation Indices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nad4 | Among groups | 2 | 202.397 | 1.740 Va | 46.15 | FCT = 0.462 ** |
Among populations within groups | 15 | 216.748 | 0.597 Vb | 15.84 | FSC = 0.294 ** | |
Within populations | 341 | 2588.323 | 1.433 Vc | 38.01 | FST = 0.620 ** |
Group | CC | SC | WC |
---|---|---|---|
CC | — | ||
SC | 0.315 ** | — | |
WC | 0.211 ** | 0.053 ** | — |
Group | θ | M | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC→i | SC→i | WC→i | |||
nad4 | CC | 0.032 (0.013–0.061) | — | 382.3 (64.0–794.7) | 158.3 (0.0–589.3) |
SC | 0.004 (0.000–0.010) | 298.3 (0.0–825.3) | — | 373.0 (60.0–798.0) | |
WC | 0.072 (0.034–0.100) | 137.7 (0.0–260.0) | 462.3 (119.3–878.0) | — |
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Hong, F.; Gao, L.; Han, H.-L.; Wang, P.; Wang, J.; Wei, D.; Liu, Y. Population Genetics of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China Based on nad4 Gene Sequence. Insects 2019, 10, 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080236
Hong F, Gao L, Han H-L, Wang P, Wang J, Wei D, Liu Y. Population Genetics of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China Based on nad4 Gene Sequence. Insects. 2019; 10(8):236. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080236
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Feng, Lizhi Gao, Hong-Liang Han, Pan Wang, Jia Wang, Dong Wei, and Yinghong Liu. 2019. "Population Genetics of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China Based on nad4 Gene Sequence" Insects 10, no. 8: 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080236