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Article

Silencing the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Gene sqh Reduces Cold Hardiness in Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

by
Zhenqi Tian
1,
Yan Zhang
1,
Chao Ma
1,
Hongsong Chen
1,2,
Jianying Guo
1 and
Zhongshi Zhou
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2
Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Insects 2020, 11(12), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11120844
Submission received: 25 October 2020 / Revised: 22 November 2020 / Accepted: 26 November 2020 / Published: 28 November 2020
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Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Cold hardiness is critical to the ability of insects to survive in cold climates and expand their geographical distribution. The molecular mechanisms underlying insect cold tolerance have been well-studied, but many potential genes that may impact these responses, including MRLC-sqh, have not been thoroughly evaluated. We first cloned and characterized the MRLC-sqh from Ophraella communa, an effective biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and found that the protein sequence was highly conserved across various Coleoptera insects. The relative expression of MRLC-sqh was tissue- and stage-specific, with high levels of expression in the gut and pupal stage of O. communa. In addition, the expression of MRLC-sqh was shown to decrease after cold shock between 10 and 0 °C and ascend between 0 and −10 °C, but these did not show a positive association between MRLC-sqh expression and cold stress. Silencing of MRLC-sqh prolonged the chill-coma recovery time in these beetles, suggesting their cold hardiness was reduced in the absence of this protein. Therefore, these results indicate that MRLC-sqh may be partly responsible for the regulation of cold-tolerance responses in insects.

Abstract

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a noxious invasive alien weed, that is harmful to the environment and human health. Ophraella communa is a biocontrol agent for A. artemisiifolia, that was accidentally introduced to the Chinese mainland and has now spread throughout southern China. Recently, we found that upon artificial introduction, O. communa can survive in northern China as well. Therefore, it is necessary to study the cold hardiness of O. communa. Many genes have been identified to play a role in cold-tolerance regulation in insects, but the function of the gene encoding non-muscle myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC-sqh) remains unknown. To evaluate the role played by MRLC-sqh in the cold-tolerance response, we cloned and characterized MRLC-sqh from O. communa. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that MRLC-sqh was expressed at high levels in the gut and pupae of O. communa. The expression of MRLC-sqh was shown to decrease after cold shock between 10 and 0 °C and ascend between 0 and −10 °C, but these did not show a positive association between MRLC-sqh expression and cold stress. Silencing of MRLC-sqh using dsMRLC-sqh increased the chill-coma recovery time of these beetles, suggesting that cold hardiness was reduced in its absence. These results suggest that the cold hardiness of O. communa may be partly regulated by MRLC-sqh. Our findings highlight the importance of motor proteins in mediating the cold response in insects.

1. Introduction

Temperature is an important abiotic factor that influences the development, survival, and geographical distribution of insects [1,2,3]. In temperate and polar regions, insects are affected by low-temperature-induced stress during winter. Cold injury often causes high mortality, and to counteract this, insects have evolved specific physiological mechanisms to survive in low-temperature conditions. The most relevant physiological response to counteract low temperatures is the accumulation of cryoprotectants, such as sugars, polyols, or amino acids [4]. However, other physiological responses play an important role in surviving in ultra-low temperature conditions [5,6].
Myosin is an actin-dependent motor protein that facilitates muscle contraction, actin cytoskeletal organisation, cell motility, and division in eukaryotes [7,8]. Myosins are found in both muscle and non-muscle cells, with the latter set of proteins referred to as non-muscle myosins. Non-muscle myosin is a motor protein that reversibly binds to actin filaments and generates contractile forces, which are necessary for various phenomena, such as cytokinesis, cell migration, maintenance of cell morphology and polarity, and intracellular vesicle transport [9,10]. All myosins comprise a combination of heavy and light chains, with the light chain components further comprising essential light chains and regulatory light chains [11]. Depending on the source, myosin regulatory light chains (MRLCs) could be classified into MLC-2 (muscle myosin) or MRLC-sqh (non-muscle myosin). MRLC binds Ca2+, producing a modulatory effect [12]. The phosphorylation of MRLCs is catalyzed by myosin light chain kinase and is critical to the maintenance of the cytoskeleton, various cellular functions, and muscle contraction in muscle or non-muscle cells [13,14]. Therefore, MRLCs are important for the appropriate physiological functioning of myosin.
Previous studies have demonstrated that MRLCs play several important roles in insect physiology, including flight [15], insecticide resistance [16], and wingbeat frequency [17]. Comparative proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the up-regulation of MRLC protein and mRNA in insects during cold acclimation or rapid cold hardening [18,19,20]. These studies suggest that the MRLC is probably involved in mediating the cold-tolerance response in insects. Recently, a research group found that the differential expression of MLC-2 corresponds with the reorganization of the muscle fibers in Drosophila melanogaster during cold acclimation [18], but whether MRLC-sqh plays a role in insect cold hardiness remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the function of MRLC-sqh in insect cold hardiness.
Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, is a noxious invasive alien species that is harmful to the environment as well as to human health [21,22]. Its abundance threatens crop yields and biodiversity, and the pollen produced by A. artemisiifolia is a key cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma [22,23]. Unsurprisingly, given the growing effects of climate change, its geographical distribution is continuously expanding, thereby necessitating the careful development of management programs [24,25]. Ophraella communa is an effective biocontrol agent for A. artemisiifolia [26] and has been successfully used to reduce A. artemisiifolia-associated negative effects on human health and economy [27]. O. communa is native to North America and was accidentally introduced to the Chinese mainland in 2001 [28]. Now, it has spread throughout the southern parts of China. It was introduced to Beijing (39.98° N, 115.97° E) from Laibin (23.62° N, 109.37° E) in 2012 [29]. This suggests that O. communa can survive the colder winters of northern China, making it a viable intervention for ragweed. Therefore, it is important to understand the cold-tolerance response of O. communa.
Previous studies have demonstrated a link between the cold hardiness of O. communa and the activity of protective enzymes and accumulation of cryoprotectants [30,31,32]. However, the role played by MRLC-sqh in mediating this phenomenon remains unknown. Here, we tried to evaluate the function of the gene coding for the myosin regulatory light chain sqh (MRLC-sqh) with respect to the cold-tolerance response of O. communa. First, we cloned and characterized MRLC-sqh and evaluated its expression in different tissues and at various developmental stages. Then, we determined the expression of the MRLC-sqh in response to different temperatures, and finally, we silenced MRLC-sqh using RNA interference (RNAi) and evaluated the chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) of the treated beetles. The results of these assays reveal a novel function of MRLC-sqh in the O. communa cold-hardiness response that may be used as a reference when exploring new aspects of cold tolerance. Our findings highlight the importance of motor proteins in mediating the cold response in insects.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Insect Source

Both female and male adult O. communa were collected from A. artemisiifolia plants growing in Laibin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (23.62° N, 109.37° E) in July 2019. They were reared on A. artemisiifolia plants in cages in a laboratory at the Langfang Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Langfang City, Hebei Provence, China (39° N, 116° E). The following rearing conditions were used: temperature, 26 ± 1 °C; relative humidity, 70 ± 5%; photoperiod, 14:10 light/dark cycle. These conditions are suitable for the growth and development of O. communa [2].

2.2. RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis, and Gene Cloning

Total RNA was extracted from 3-day-old adult O. communa samples using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. First strand cDNA synthesis was performed using 1.0 µg total RNA and the One-step Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). Subsequently, according to the sequence obtained from the previous transcriptome data (shown in the Supplementary Materials), a pair of specific primers were designed using Primer Premier 5 (PREMIER Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Table 1). They were used to amplify the MRLC-sqh sequence using the cDNA as a template. The amplification product was then purified using the Monarch Gel Extraction kit (NEB, Ipswitch, MA, USA) and cloned into a Trans1-T1 clone vector (TransGen Biotech) and sequenced [33].

2.3. Sequence Analysis

Multiple sequence alignment of MRLC-sqh and its four orthologues from Coleoptera insects was performed using DNAMAN v7.0 (Lynnon Corporation, San Ramon, CA, USA). A protein-protein Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTP) search was performed using the translated potential MRLC-sqh protein sequences from O. communa as queries in NCBI. The amino acid sequences of the four orthologues were downloaded from NCBI. The physical and chemical properties of O. communa MRLC-sqh were predicted based on the amino acid sequence using ExPASy (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/) and the conserved functional domains were predicted using the InterProScan database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/search/sequence/). ClustalW was used to perform multiple sequence alignment of the predicted MRLC-sqh sequence with that of MRLC-sqh from 49 insect species (retrieved from NCBI). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGA v7.0 (https://www.megasoftware.net/).

2.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) Analysis

Seven tissues were dissected from the mature (3-day-old) adult insects; these included the head, thorax, Malpighian tubule (MT), fat body, ovary, gut, and spermaries (SP). Further, seven developmental stages were also sampled and frozen in liquid nitrogen; these included the egg, 1st instar larvae (L-1), 2nd instar larvae (L-2), 3rd instar larvae (L-3), pupae, amd 3-day-old adult females (Female) and males (Male). Total RNA was extracted from these tissues and developmental stages and cDNA was synthesized as described above. The primers for the qPCR assays were designed using Beacon Designer 8; these have been summarized in Table 1. Ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) was used as the reference gene [34]. The expression profiles were analyzed using the ABI 7500 system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and a qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Yeasen, Shanghai, China). The PCR conditions were as follows: 95 °C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, and finally, 60 °C for 30 s, followed by a melting curve analysis. The melting curves were checked to test the purity of qPCR reaction. The efficiency of the primers was also validated before gene expression analysis. Each treatment contained three technical replicates and three biological replicates.

2.5. Low-Temperature Stress Treatment

To evaluate the response of MRLC-sqh during conditions of low-temperature stress, we selected three 3-day-old adult females and placed them in 1.5-mL centrifuge tubes and exposed them to the following conditions: 10, 5, 0, −5, or −10 °C for 3 h in a cold water bath (Huber, Berching, Germany). For control treatment, the centrifuge tube was placed in a growth chamber at a temperature of 25 °C for 3 h. After treatment, the insects were frozen in liquid nitrogen and used for qPCR. The extraction of total RNA from different treatments, cDNA synthesis, and qPCR analysis were conducted as described above.

2.6. RNAi

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mimics were designed using Primer Premier 5.0 (Table 1) and synthesized using the MEGAscript T7 High Yield Transcription Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). To indicate that the injection and the response of immune system would not affect the expression of target gene and the results in study, we designed the primers of GFP-specific dsRNA (dsGFP) [33,35]. The newly emerging female adults were injected at the pronotum with 1 µg dsMRLC-sqh using a PLI-100 Pico-Injector (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA), which we manipulated with an MP-255 Micromanipulator (Sutter, Novato, CA, USA) under a stereomicroscope. Simultaneously, we set control groups, including those injected with dsGFP and uninjected treatment. Due to the high interference efficiency 48 h after dsRNA injection [33], so forty-eight hours after dsRNA injection, 10 beetles were injected with either dsMRLC-sqh (5) or dsGFP (5) and frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until analysis of MRLC-sqh mRNA expression.

2.7. Measurement of CCRT

Cold hardiness in these beetles was evaluated by measuring the recovery time following a chill coma induced by cold shock [35,36,37]. These assays also used three treatments, which were either injected with dsMRLC-sqh, injected with dsGFP, or uninjected. These individuals were placed in a centrifuge tube and exposed to a temperature of −10 °C for 10 min to induce cold shock. After the cold shock, the insects were placed on a piece of paper and allowed to recover at room temperature (25 °C). CCRT was recorded as the time from placement on the paper to the recovery of the ability of the beetle to spontaneously regain an upright position [36]. Each treatment was performed using three replicates of 18–20 beetles each.

2.8. Statistical Analyses

CT values were the average of the three technical replicates and three biological replicates. Relative mRNA expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [ΔΔCT = (Cttarget − Ctreference)treatment − (Cttarget − Ctreference)control] [38,39] and the data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an LSD test with SAS 8.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Data are represented as the mean ± SE. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

3. Results

3.1. Cloning and Sequence Analysis of MRLC-sqh

The full-length cDNA sequence of MRLC-sqh from O. communa was successfully cloned (GenBank accession number: MT978153). The complete open reading frame was found to comprise 525 bp, encoding 174 amino acids (Figure 1), with a predicted isoelectric point (pI) of 4.63 and a molecular mass of 19.92 kDa. The protein was predicted to include two conserved EF-hand domains, with the first EF-hand frame (Figure 1) containing several Ca2+-binding sites (DQNHDGFVDKEDL). The multiple sequence alignments indicate that MRLC-sqh is highly conserved in insects (Figure 1) and the predicted O. communa MRLC-sqh shared 94.83%, 99.43%, 98.85%, and 96.55% sequence identity with the MRLC-sqh of O. taurus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Dendroctonus ponderosae, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that MRLC-sqh proteins of insects from the same order cluster into the same branch (Figure 2).

3.2. Expression Profile of MRLC-sqh in Various Tissues and Developmental Stages

The relative expression of MRLC-sqh in tissues from adult (3-day-old) O. communa was determined using qPCR. MRLC-sqh mRNA was expressed in all the tissues evaluated, with the highest expression in the gut and lowest expression in the spermaries (SP) and thorax (Figure 3).
The expression patterns of MRLC-sqh at the various developmental stages of O. communa were also evaluated (Figure 4). MRLC-sqh was widely expressed in all developmental stages, including the egg, larvae, pupae, and adults (both male and female). The relative expression of MRLC-sqh started increasing from the 1st-instar-larvae stage and reached its peak at the pupal stage.

3.3. MRLC-sqh Expression in Response to Exposure to Low Temperature Conditions

The relative expression of MRLC-sqh in response to cold shock was determined by qPCR (Figure 5). MRLC-sqh mRNA showed a gradual decrease in expression from 25 (CK) to 0 °C, and an increase from 0 to −10 °C. The relative expression of MRLC-sqh at 0 °C was significantly lower than that at 25 °C (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in its expression between 0 and −10 °C (p > 0.05).

3.4. Effect of RNAi on MRLC-sqh Expression and CCRT

MRLC-sqh expression was evaluated 48 h after dsRNA treatment using qPCR. The relative expression of MRLC-sqh reduced by nearly 90% following the injection with dsMRLC-sqh compared to that observed in the dsGFP-injected and CK (untreated) controls (Figure 6A). The CCRT was significantly longer in the dsMRLC-sqh-treated adults than in either of the controls (4.2 vs. 3.3 vs. 3.08 min, p < 0.05; Figure 6B).

4. Discussion

Cold hardiness is an important factor that allows insects to survive over winter and expand their geographical range. Many mechanisms are involved in the cold hardiness of insects [6], and previous studies have shown that many genes can regulate cold tolerance in insects. However, the role of MRLC-sqh in insect cold tolerance has not been investigated. Non-muscle myosin powers the actomyosin cytoskeleton and performs crucial functions in various cellular processes [9,10]. Myosin activation is regulated by the phosphorylation of MRLC, and this makes this protein a critical muscle tissue component. Recent studies have reported the up-regulation of MRLC in insects during cold acclimation and rapid cold hardening [18,19,20]. These findings indicate that MRLC may be, in some way, responsible for the cold hardiness of insects. Our results provide experimental evidence that MRLC-sqh might regulate cold hardiness in insects.
In this study, we reported the full cDNA sequence of MRLC-sqh in O. communa. Two EF-hand domains were detected in the MRLC-sqh protein, and a single Ca2+-binding region was identified in the first EF-hand frame. Our results are consistent with those of prior studies in MLC-2 [16,40,41,42], and the predicted MRLC-sqh shared a 98.05% sequence identity with MRLC-sqh from other insects. This suggests that the function of MRLC-sqh is relatively conserved across species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MRLC proteins are highly conserved within the same order as well as across insect orders. These results suggest that MRLC-sqh has a highly conserved structure and function over different evolutionary time scales.
MRLC-sqh was widely expressed in all the tissues and developmental stages evaluated in this study (Figure 3 and Figure 4). The relative expression of MRLC-sqh was the lowest in the thorax; this differed from MLC-2. A high expression of MLC-2 was validated in the thorax, likely due to the higher proportion of muscles in this tissue [41]. Interestingly, MRLC-sqh was expressed at high levels in the gut. Based on the fact that MRLC-sqh expression has been detected in the epithelial cells of many other tissues, we hypothesize that MRLC-sqh might be primarily expressed in the epithelial cells of the midgut [43], but this needs to be confirmed by further experiments. In addition, the expression of MRLC-sqh was marginally higher in the ovaries compared to that in the spermaries, but this difference was not significant. This pattern is similar to that observed for MLC-2 expression in A. pernyi [40]. This is probably because ovarian development is an active process. The expression of MRLC-sqh gradually increased between the 1st- and 3rd-instar larval stages, and the expression was highest in the pupal stage, likely linked to the critical function of non-muscle myosin during the morphogenesis of multicellular organisms [43]. This result is consistent with the fact that the function of non-muscle myosin involves cell motility and division [9,10]. The larval and pupal stages are important periods of growth and development and involve cell migration and division. This is especially true for pupae, which undergo drastic remodeling to produce the new tissues and organs of the mature adults.
The expression profile of MRLC-sqh was evaluated in response to low-temperature-induced stress. MRLC-sqh expression significantly declined as the temperature dropped from 25 to 0 °C, but it ascended from 0 to −10 °C. (Figure 5). There was no significant difference between 0 and −10 °C; even an obvious trend was observed in the data. These findings demonstrate that MRLC-sqh expression does not simply decline or ascend with the decrease in temperature. The differential expression of MRLC-sqh was similar to that recorded for actin and microtubules in insects and plants during cold stress. Actin or microtubules usually undergo disassembly and reassembly to maintain their cellular structure and avoid depolymerization at low temperatures [44,45], and this process is driven by the actin–myosin motor [46]. Furthermore, the actin network can also determine the activity of myosin [47], suggesting that this relationship may be regulated by MRLC-sqh at low temperatures. Therefore, it can be speculated that the decrease in MRLC-sqh expression from 25 to 0 °C is related to the disassembly of actin, and correspondingly, the increase from 0 to −10 °C is related to the reassembly of actin, due to the combined effects of disassembly and reassembly. There was no significant difference in MRLC-sqh expression between 25 and −10 °C, indicating that most actins were reassembled, but still, a little was disassembled.
We can see that the CCRT of O. communa injected with dsGFP is slightly higher than that of the CK (non-injected treatment), and there is no significant difference between them (Figure 6B). As such, the side effects of injection or immune system reactions on CCRT were slight. When MRLC-sqh was silenced using RNAi, the CCRT of the O. communa was significantly delayed (Figure 6B), indicating that the cold hardiness of O. communa had significantly decreased. CCRT is a widely used parameter to estimate the cold hardiness of insects [36,37,48,49,50]; it depends on the reestablishment of ion homeostasis and normal membrane potential [5]. Therefore, CCRT is a critical measure of cellular integrity and homeostasis. Induction of cell death during cold injury indicates damage to the cellular membranes, a phenomenon that may be caused by the dissociation or denaturation of the cytoskeleton [51]. Myosin is involved in cytoskeletal regulation and protects cells under cold stress [52]. One study even suggested that non-muscle myosin aids cell membrane repair by coordinating the movement of intracellular vesicles to the membrane injury sites, thereby facilitating patch creation [53]. As MRLC-sqh is critical to the physiological activity of non-muscle myosin, it makes sense that its inhibition would limit these remodeling responses. When MRLC-sqh was silenced, non-muscle myosin lost its ability to bind Ca2+ and was unable to undergo phosphorylation, an event that affected its ability to bind to the N-terminus of the light chain and facilitate actin binding [12]. As a result, cellular contraction and associated phenomena, such as cytokinesis, could not progress, thereby reducing the organizational flexibility of the actin cytoskeleton [14] and reducing cold hardiness. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that MRLC-sqh is critical for the regulation of cold hardiness in insects.
We found a negative association between MRLC-sqh expression and low temperatures, from 0 to −10 °C (Figure 5); therefore, we suggest that the potential mechanism for the regulation of cold hardiness in O. communa does not involve low-temperature-mediated up-regulation of the gene. Given the various functions of non-muscle myosin in cellular processes, and the binding of MRLC-sqh to Ca2+, we believe that MRLC-sqh is one of the genes whose regular function is needed for proper chill-coma recovery. It can regulate other resistances of insects, besides cold resistance, because of the mechanistic overlap between these stresses. The capability (capa) neuropeptide gene, for example, is a desiccation- and cold stress-responsive gene [54]. The functions of the MRLC-sqh response to other stresses should be detected by further studies.

5. Conclusions

To our knowledge, this study describes the full-length cDNA sequence and characteristics of O. communa MRLC-sqh for the first time. We found that MRLC-sqh was highly expressed in the gut and at the pupal stage. Importantly, we revealed that when the MRLC-sqh gene was silenced by RNAi, the CCRT of O. communa was prolonged, which suggests that MRLC-sqh could regulate the cold hardiness. However, we did not observe a positive association between MRLC-sqh expression and cold stress under the conditions of 0 °C above and 0 °C below. This indicated that the potential mechanism for MRLC-sqh to regulate the cold hardiness of O. communa does not involve lower-temperature-mediated up-regulation of the gene. Further research can focus on this potential mechanism. Our results may provide new insights for future studies on the insect cold-tolerance response.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/12/844/s1, Table S1: Transcriptome data of MRLC-sqh for design of specific primers.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.Z. and J.G.; methodology, Z.T. and Y.Z.; investigation: Z.T. and Y.Z.; data curation, C.M. and H.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.T. and Z.Z; writing—review and editing, Z.Z. and J.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers 31672089 and 31972340.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment of myosin regulatory light chain sqh (MRLC-sqh) from O. communa and four other Coleoptera insects. The conserved domains are underlined with red lines and the Ca2+-binding sites within the first EF-hand are marked with an “*”. O. communa, Ophraella communa; O. taurus, Onthophagus taurus; L. decemlineata, Leptinotarsa decemlineata; D. virgifera, Diabrotica virgifera; D. ponderosae, Dendroctonus ponderosae.
Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment of myosin regulatory light chain sqh (MRLC-sqh) from O. communa and four other Coleoptera insects. The conserved domains are underlined with red lines and the Ca2+-binding sites within the first EF-hand are marked with an “*”. O. communa, Ophraella communa; O. taurus, Onthophagus taurus; L. decemlineata, Leptinotarsa decemlineata; D. virgifera, Diabrotica virgifera; D. ponderosae, Dendroctonus ponderosae.
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Insects 11 00844 g002 550
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between the MRLC-sqh proteins of various insects, constructed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replications.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between the MRLC-sqh proteins of various insects, constructed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replications.
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Insects 11 00844 g003 550
Figure 3. The relative expression of MRLC-sqh in the tissues of adult O. communa. The expression fold changes were related to the ovary. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4). Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. Abbreviations: MT, Malpighian tubule; SP, spermaries. Bars with different lowercase letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Figure 3. The relative expression of MRLC-sqh in the tissues of adult O. communa. The expression fold changes were related to the ovary. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4). Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. Abbreviations: MT, Malpighian tubule; SP, spermaries. Bars with different lowercase letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
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Insects 11 00844 g004 550
Figure 4. The expression profile of MRLC-sqh during various stages of O. communa development. The expression fold changes were related to the female. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of RPL4. Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. L-1: 1st-instar larvae; L-2: 2nd-instar larvae; L-3: 3rd-instar larvae; Female: 3-day-old female adults; Male: 3-day-old male adults. Bars with different lowercase letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Figure 4. The expression profile of MRLC-sqh during various stages of O. communa development. The expression fold changes were related to the female. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of RPL4. Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. L-1: 1st-instar larvae; L-2: 2nd-instar larvae; L-3: 3rd-instar larvae; Female: 3-day-old female adults; Male: 3-day-old male adults. Bars with different lowercase letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
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Figure 5. Relative expression of MRLC-sqh in O. communa after exposure to different temperature conditions over a 3-h period. The expression fold changes were related to the 0 °C. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of RPL4. Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. The values marked with different letters are significantly different based on one-way ANOVA and LSD analyses.
Figure 5. Relative expression of MRLC-sqh in O. communa after exposure to different temperature conditions over a 3-h period. The expression fold changes were related to the 0 °C. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of RPL4. Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. The values marked with different letters are significantly different based on one-way ANOVA and LSD analyses.
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Insects 11 00844 g006 550
Figure 6. Relative expression levels of MRLC-sqh (A) and chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) (B) in O. communa after double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment. CK represents the untreated controls. The expression fold changes were related to the CK. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of RPL4. Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. The bars marked with different lowercase letters are significantly different based on one-way ANOVA and LSD analyses.
Figure 6. Relative expression levels of MRLC-sqh (A) and chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) (B) in O. communa after double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment. CK represents the untreated controls. The expression fold changes were related to the CK. The transcript level of MRLC-sqh was normalized against that of RPL4. Relative expression is represented as mean ± SE. The bars marked with different lowercase letters are significantly different based on one-way ANOVA and LSD analyses.
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Table
Table 1. Primers used in this study.
Table 1. Primers used in this study.
Primer NamePrimer Sequence (5′ to 3′)
RT-PCR
MRLC-sqh-FATGTCTTCCCGTAAAACT
MRLC-sqh-RTTACTGCTCATCTTTATCTT
qPCR
MRLC-sqh-FCGTCTTCAAGGTACTGATCC
MRLC-sqh-RAATGGGAGCCTCTCTGTA
RPL4-FTGTGGTAATGCTGTGGTAT
RPL4-RTCTAGCACTGCATGAACA
dsRNA
dsMRLC-sqh-FTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAACTGTAAGTCGTCGTG
dsMRLC-sqh-RTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCATCAGTGAATCTATCTCCC
dsGFP-FTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAG
dsGFP-RTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCGGCGGTCACGAACTCCAG
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Tian, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, C.; Chen, H.; Guo, J.; Zhou, Z. Silencing the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Gene sqh Reduces Cold Hardiness in Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insects 2020, 11, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11120844

AMA Style

Tian Z, Zhang Y, Ma C, Chen H, Guo J, Zhou Z. Silencing the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Gene sqh Reduces Cold Hardiness in Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insects. 2020; 11(12):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11120844

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tian, Zhenqi, Yan Zhang, Chao Ma, Hongsong Chen, Jianying Guo, and Zhongshi Zhou. 2020. "Silencing the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Gene sqh Reduces Cold Hardiness in Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" Insects 11, no. 12: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11120844

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