RETRACTED: Cold Responses of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Blueberry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ceratitis Capitata Colony
2.2. Fruits and Quality Assessment
2.2.1. Colour Test
2.2.2. Size
2.2.3. Weight
2.2.4. Hardness
2.2.5. Relative Humidity
2.2.6. Degrees Brix, Acid, and Their Ratio (Sugar/Acid)
2.3. Natural Infestation
2.4. Life History Study
2.5. Cold Treatment Cabinet
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fruit Quality Assessment
3.2. Natural Infestation
3.3. Life History Study
3.4. Responses (Mortality) to Cold Treatment
3.4.1. Cold Treatment Bioassay
3.4.2. Modelling Analysis
3.5. Sex Ratios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fruit Quality | Test | Blueberry Cultivars | Mean ± SE | Unit | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochemical | Sugar | C00-09 | 13.5 ± 0.14 | % | 0.3 |
C99-42 | 11.3 ± 1.9 | % | |||
Acid | C00-09 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | % | 0.1 | |
C99-42 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | % | |||
Sugar to acid | C00-09 | 26.1 ± 1.6 | % | 0.05 | |
C99-42 | 34.1 ± 3.3 | % | |||
Water content | C00-09 | 92.7 ± 0.7 | % | 0.0 | |
C99-42 | 79.4 ± 1.4 | % | |||
Physical | Weight | C00-09 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | gm | 0.0 |
C99-42 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | gm | |||
Diameter | C00-09 | 20.6 ± 0.3 | mm | 0.0 | |
C99-42 | 17.9 ± 0.3 | mm | |||
Colour R | C00-09 | 91.1 ± 21.5 | nm | 0.5 | |
C99-42 | 104.5 ± 1.9 | nm | |||
Colour G | C00-09 | 90.8 ± 4.5 | nm | 0.7 | |
C99-42 | 92.7 ± 2.3 | nm | |||
Colour B | C00-09 | 108.3 ± 4.2 | nm | 0.0 | |
C99-42 | 92.2 ± 2.5 | nm | |||
Hardness | C00-09 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | Kg/cm | 0.3 | |
C99-42 | 6.2 ± 3.5 | Kg/cm |
Blueberry | Treatment | Egg | 1st Instar | 2nd Instar | 3rd Instar | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Days) | Pupariation (%) Mean (SE) | Emerged Adult (%) Mean (SE) | Pupariation (%) Mean (±SE) | Emerged Adult (%) Mean (±SE) | Pupariation (%) Mean (±SE) | Emerged adult (%) Mean (±SE) | Pupariation (%) Mean (±SE) | Emerged Adult (%) Mean (±SE) | |
C00-09 | 0 | 100 (0) | 98 (0.2) | 100 (0) | 99 (0.1) | 100 (0) | 99 (0.1) | 100 (0) | 100 (0) |
1 | 52.6 (0.4) | 48.0 (0.4) | 59.2 (0.3) | 54.8 (0.3) | 74.8 (0.3) | 76.3 (0.2) | 82.7 (0.4) | 83.9 (0.4) | |
2 | 37.5 (0.5) | 32.8 (0.6) | 37.7 (0.3) | 30.8 (0.4) | 56.2 (0.6) | 58.0 (0.6) | 79.6 (0.3) | 763 (0.3) | |
3 | 37.5 (0.5) | 31.2 (0.4) | 29.6 (0.6) | 28.5 (0.6) | 56.2 (07) | 53.4 (0.4) | 75.9 (0.4) | 74.8 (0.3) | |
4 | 33.8 (0.8) | 26.7 (0.5) | 29.6 (0.5) | 24.8 (0.6) | 54.0 (0.5) | 48.4 (0.5) | 69.9 (0.3) | 68.7 (0.3) | |
5 | 27.0 (0.5) | 25.1 (0.3) | 26.6 (0.8) | 22.5 (0.3) | 51.8 (0.7) | 45.8 (0.5) | 62.4 (0.9) | 61.0 (0.8) | |
6 | 19.5 (0.4) | 17.5 (0.4) | 207.(0.6) | 19.5 (0.6) | 48.1 (0.6) | 42.7 (0.4) | 58.6 (0.4) | 50.3 (0.6) | |
7 | 12.0 (0.2) | 9.9 (0.2) | 19.2 (0.6) | 17.2 (0.5) | 34.5 (0.4) | 29.0 (0.4) | 45.1 (0.2) | 42.7 (0.3) | |
8 | 4.5 (0.2) | 3.8 (0.2) | 17.0 (0.5) | 13.5 (0.3) | 19.7 (0.4) | 17.5(0.5) | 37.5 (0.3) | 32.8 (0.4) | |
9 | 0 | 0 | 11.8 (0.4) | 4.5 (0.2) | 11.1 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.1) | 15.7 (0.3) | 15.2 (0.2) | |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.7 (0.4) | 7.6 (0.2) | |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
C99-42 | 0 | 100 (0) | 99 (0.1) | 100 (0) | 100 (0) | 100 (0) | 98 (0.2) | 100 (0) | 99 (0.1) |
1 | 49.6 (0.3) | 46.1 (0.3) | 58.6 (0.6) | 53.8 (0.7) | 70.4 (0.3) | 72.0 (0.2) | 81.4 (0.3) | 81.4 (0.3) | |
2 | 37.5 (0.2) | 33.0 (0.3) | 34.5 (0.7) | 30.7 (0.9) | 58.4 (0.3) | 56.(0.5) | 78.5 (0.6) | 77.7 (0.5) | |
3 | 33.8 (0.3) | 27.6 (0.2) | 27.0 (0.7) | 25.3 (0.7) | 53.8 (0.5) | 48.8 (0.6) | 74.8 (0.4) | 76.3 (0.3) | |
4 | 30.0 (0.5) | 30.0 (0.5) | 26.3 (0.7) | 23.0 (0.7) | 52.3 (0.4) | 48.0 (0.4) | 66.6 (0.3) | 66.6 (0.3) | |
5 | 22.5 (0.3) | 19.2 (0.2) | 23.3 (0.6) | 21.5 (0.6) | 50.0 (0.3) | 48.0 (0.2) | 62.9 (0.2) | 56.2 (0.2) | |
6 | 17.2 (0.5) | 12.3 (0.4) | 19.5 (0.8) | 15.3 (0.6) | 46.1 (0.2) | 38.4 (0.4) | 52.5 (0.4) | 45.1 (0.6) | |
7 | 9.7 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.1) | 18.7 (0.8) | 13.8 (0.6) | 31.5 (0.4) | 33.3 (0.2) | 40.7 (0.6) | 37.0 (0.5) | |
8 | 4.5 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.2) | 15.0 (0.3) | 12.3 (0.2) | 20.0 (0.3) | 14.4 (0.4) | 33.3 (0.2) | 26.6 (0.3) | |
9 | 0 | 0 | 9.7 (0.3) | 4.6 (0.5) | 10 (0.2) | 4.8 (0.2) | 13.3 (0.4) | 11.8 (0.4) | |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.1 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.3) | |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Development | Blueberry | Mortality | Pupae Recovery as End Point | Adults Recovery as and Point | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage | Cultivars | (LT)% | Treatment (Days) | 95% Confidence Limits | Treatment (Days) | 95% Confidence Limits | ||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
Eggs | C00-09 | 90 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 6.9 |
95 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 8.6 | ||
99 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 12.9 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 11.9 | ||
C99-42 | 90 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 6.2 | |
95 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 7.8 | ||
99 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 10.9 | ||
1st | C00-09 | 90 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 9.6 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 8.5 |
95 | 9.8 | 8.5 | 12.1 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 10.9 | ||
99 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 17.0 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 15.6 | ||
C99-42 | 90 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 8.8 | |
95 | 9.5 | 8.2 | 11.7 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 10.3 | ||
99 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 16.6 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 14.7 | ||
2nd | C00-09 | 90 | 9.1 | 8.0 | 11.1 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 10.1 |
95 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 11.9 | ||
99 | 13.6 | 11.5 | 17.2 | 12.7 | 11.1 | 15.3 | ||
C99-42 | 90 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 10.9 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 10.3 | |
95 | 10.7 | 9.3 | 12.9 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 12.2 | ||
99 | 13.4 | 11.5 | 16.7 | 12.8 | 10.9 | 15.9 | ||
3rd | C00-09 | 90 | 10.3 | 9.3 | 11.8 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 11.2 |
95 | 11.6 | 10.4 | 13.5 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 12.8 | ||
99 | 14.1 | 12.5 | 16.9 | 13.7 | 12.3 | 15.8 | ||
C99-42 | 90 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 10.5 | |
95 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 13.0 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 11.9 | ||
99 | 13.8 | 12.3 | 16.1 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 14.7 |
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Al-Behadili, F.J.M.; Agarwal, M.; Xu, W.; Ren, Y. RETRACTED: Cold Responses of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Blueberry. Insects 2020, 11, 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11050276
Al-Behadili FJM, Agarwal M, Xu W, Ren Y. RETRACTED: Cold Responses of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Blueberry. Insects. 2020; 11(5):276. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11050276
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Behadili, Farhan J.M., Manjree Agarwal, Wei Xu, and Yonglin Ren. 2020. "RETRACTED: Cold Responses of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Blueberry" Insects 11, no. 5: 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11050276