Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Metabolomic Profiles in the Guts of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae Infected with Ascosphaera apis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Bee Larvae Inoculated with A. apis
2.2. Enzyme Activity Analysis
2.3. Chemicals and Extraction of Metabolites
2.4. UHPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Rates of Chalkbrood Symptoms
3.2. Effects of A. apis Infection on Gut Enzyme Activities
3.3. Analysis of Significantly Differential Metabolites
3.4. Pathway Enrichment Analysis of Significantly Differential Metabolites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolites | HMDB ID | VIP Value | p Value | log2 Fold-Change |
---|---|---|---|---|
10-hydroxy capric acid | / | 2.221866 | 0.040449 | −1.583220998 |
Docosahexaenoic acid | HMDB02183 | 2.348188 | 0.018642 | −1.400723937 |
DL-lactate | HMDB01311 | 2.32267 | 0.001646 | −1.383585277 |
L-Carnitine | HMDB00062 | 2.366084 | 0.019981 | −1.249241729 |
(R)-2-Hydroxycaprylic acid | HMDB0002264 | 2.320383 | 0.027084 | −1.238792434 |
D-Threitol | HMDB04136 | 2.359414 | 0.001944 | −1.17578676 |
Ethosuximide | HMDB14731 | 1.948189 | 0.007349 | −1.162173255 |
D-Ribose | HMDB00283 | 2.181031 | 0.015077 | −1.158423407 |
2-Ethyl-2-Hydroxybutyric acid | HMDB01975 | 2.233223 | 0.017102 | −1.157991419 |
Isovalerylglycine | HMDB00678 | 2.120458 | 0.008138 | −1.156552634 |
(R)-mevalonic acid 5-Phosphate | HMDB01343 | 2.030673 | 0.02835 | −1.145439547 |
D-Tagatose | HMDB03418 | 2.313209 | 0.009622 | −1.14421462 |
Sebacic acid | HMDB00792 | 2.30288 | 0.017322 | −1.068341762 |
5-Oxo-ETE | HMDB0010217 | 1.463255 | 0.01796 | 1.059981866 |
Traumatic Acid | HMDB00933 | 2.371702 | 0.02379 | −0.994244091 |
Pro-Thr | HMDB0029027 | 1.823645 | 0.027625 | −0.954262735 |
Cannabidiol | HMDB0014613 | 2.030682 | 0.008316 | 0.923946494 |
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid | HMDB04230 | 2.205492 | 0.041314 | −0.900458683 |
1,3-Dimethyluric acid | HMDB01857 | 2.190309 | 0.008027 | −0.897637652 |
Muramic acid | HMDB0003254 | 2.362325 | 0.019607 | −0.890529844 |
Galactonic acid | HMDB00565 | 2.221866 | 0.003087 | −0.883735874 |
Lathosterol | HMDB01170 | 1.710821 | 0.018031 | 0.876832978 |
Indolelactic acid | HMDB00671 | 2.053832 | 0.01721 | −0.845847707 |
Jasmonic acid | HMDB32797 | 2.261791 | 0.024457 | −0.822748259 |
Hippuric acid | HMDB00714 | 2.139678 | 0.04853 | −0.813266898 |
Creatinine | HMDB00562 | 2.372534 | 0.005277 | −0.781944734 |
Stearoylcarnitine | HMDB00848 | 2.005948 | 0.004388 | 0.780781325 |
Gln-Asn | HMDB0028792 | 1.732313 | 0.004701 | 0.778386048 |
Maltitol | HMDB0002928 | 1.773791 | 0.023112 | −0.774603717 |
5′-CMP | HMDB0000095 | 1.934189 | 0.003266 | −0.762506922 |
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Li, Z.; Hou, M.; Qiu, Y.; Zhao, B.; Nie, H.; Su, S. Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Metabolomic Profiles in the Guts of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae Infected with Ascosphaera apis. Insects 2020, 11, 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070419
Li Z, Hou M, Qiu Y, Zhao B, Nie H, Su S. Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Metabolomic Profiles in the Guts of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae Infected with Ascosphaera apis. Insects. 2020; 11(7):419. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070419
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhiguo, Mengshang Hou, Yuanmei Qiu, Bian Zhao, Hongyi Nie, and Songkun Su. 2020. "Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Metabolomic Profiles in the Guts of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larvae Infected with Ascosphaera apis" Insects 11, no. 7: 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070419