Inheritance, Fitness Cost, and Management of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Strains of C. capitata
2.2. Crosses for Inheritance Study
2.3. Generation of a Multi-Resistant Strain of C. capitata
2.4. Bioassays
2.5. Assessment of Life History Traits
2.5.1. Adults’ Weight and Longevity
2.5.2. Fecundity
2.5.3. Embryo to Pupal Viability and Developmental Time to Pupation
2.6. Enzymatic Activities
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Inheritance of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance
3.2. Fitness Cost Associated to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in W-1Kλ
3.3. Impact of Different Treatment Scenarios in the Progression of Resistance in the Multi-Resistant Laboratory Strain MR of C. capitata
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mortality (%) ± SE (n1) to Lambda-Cyhalothrin (ppm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Generation | 3 | 10 | 30 | 100 | 300 | 1000 | Non-Treated |
Parents | |||||||
C | 2 ± 2 (60) | 35 ± 12 (58) | 84 ± 4 (57) | 98 ± 2 (59) | 96 ± 2 (55) | 16 ± 8 (55) | |
W-1Kλ | 3 ± 2 (60) | 14 ± 5 (59) | 0 (60) | ||||
F1-crosses | |||||||
F1A (♂W-1Kλ × ♀C) | 0 (30) | 0 (30) | 0 (30) | 0 (30) | 30 ± 12 (30) | 0 (30) | |
F1B (♀W-1Kλ × ♂C) | 0 (30) | 0 (30) | 0 (30) | 3 ± 3 (40) | 27 ± 3 (30) | 3 ± 3 (30) | |
F2-crosses | |||||||
(F1A and F1B interbred) | 10 ± 6 (60) | 22 ± 11 (60) | 42 ± 5 (60) | 65 ± 10 (60) | 77 ± 4 (60) | 8 ± 6 (60) | |
Backcrosses | |||||||
BC2 | 2 ± 2 (59) | 42 ± 6 (60) | 73 ± 3 (60) | 84 ± 3 (120) | 92 ± 4 (60) | 7 ± 5 (59) | |
Estimation of LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and dominance value (DLC) | |||||||
Generation | n3 | Slope ± SE | LC504 (95% FL) | χ2 | df | RR5 (95% FL) | DLC6 |
Parents | |||||||
C | 344 | 2.34 ± 0.24 | 17 (7−35) | 116.4 * | 18 | 1 | |
W-1Kλ | 239 | >1000 | >59 | ||||
F1-crosses | |||||||
F1A (♂W-1Kλ × ♀C) | 180 | >1000 | >59 | ̴1 | |||
F1B (♀W-1Kλ × ♂C) | 190 | >1000 | >59 | ̴1 | |||
F2-crosses | |||||||
(F1A and F1B interbred) | 360 | 1.41 ± 0.18 | 205 (115−348) | 35.0 * | 18 | 12.0 (7.4−19.4) # | |
Backcrosses | |||||||
BC2 | 418 | 1.57 ± 0.18 | 63 (38−98) | 38.0 * | 18 | 3.7 (2.4−5.7) # | |
Fit of the inheritance segregation to a monogenic model | |||||||
Generation | Mortality observed7 | Mortality expected8 | χ2 | df | |||
F2 | 39/60 (65%) | 25% | 51.2 + | 1 | |||
BC | 101/120 (84%) | 50% | 56.0 + | 1 |
Biological Parameters | C | W-1Kλ | W-4Km |
---|---|---|---|
Adults’ weight (g) | |||
Males | 6.24 ± 0.060 a | 8.37 ± 0.090 b | 6.94 ± 0.087 c |
Females | 7.52 ± 0.062 a | 9.61 ± 0.089 b | 7.93 ± 0.012 c |
Fecundity | |||
Daily (Nᵒ eggs/20 females) Day 1 | 515 ± 37 a,b | 372 ± 52 a | 598 ± 24 b |
Day 2 | 765 ± 23 a | 645 ± 26 b | 551 ± 34 b |
Day 3 | 716 ± 20 a | 661 ± 43 a | 617 ± 35 a |
Days 1–3 | 1996 ± 48 a | 1678 ± 93 b | 1767 ± 41 a,b |
Lifetime (cm3 eggs/30 females) | 1.50 ± 0.18 a | 0.98 ± 0.08 b | 1.10 ± 0.12 ab |
Embryo to pupal viability (Number of pupae) | 772 ± 38 a | 278 ± 56 b | 537 ± 63 c |
Developmental time (Days from egg to pupae) | 8.54 ± 0.15 a | 9.63 ± 0.16 b | 9.04 ± 0.02 a |
Enzymatic Activity | C | W-1Kλ | W-4Km | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |
Total protein | 341 ± 18 a,b | 361 ± 38 a,b | 285 ± 20 a | 381 ± 43 a,b | 321 ± 35 a,b | 433 ± 46 b |
Trypsin | 0.42 ± 0.07 a | 0.46 ± 0.1 a | 0.41 ± 0.13 a | 0.38 ± 0.06 a | 0.26 ± 0.06 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a |
Cathepsin D | 17.1 ± 0.7 a,b | 17.7 ± 1.7 a,b | 21.2 ± 2 a | 18 ± 2.7 a,b | 18.5 ± 1.5 a,b | 13.3 ± 1 b |
Leucine aminopeptidase | 28.7 ± 3.7 a | 29.1 ± 5.4 a,b | 12.5 ± 1.3 b | 12.8 ± 1.1 a,b | 13.5 ± 1.6 a,b | 11.9 ± 1.6 b |
α-Amylase | 69.4 ± 4.2 a | 70.6 ± 8.7 a | 178.6 ± 23 c | 139.1 ± 11 c | 123 ± 11 b,c | 80.6 ± 8.1 a,b |
Scenario | Generation | N † | Slope ± SE | LC50 ‡ | 95% FL | χ2 | df | Significance | RR § | 95% FL | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial MR | G1 | 285 | 0.80 ± 0.15 | 50.63 | 3.89–129.87 | 36.63 | 13 | 1 | |||
T1 | G5 | 179 | 1.71 ± 0.25 | 175.87 | 124.96–245.44 | 7.38 | 10 | * | 3.47 | 1.20–10.05 | # |
G7 | 180 | 1.60 ± 0.38 | 27.59 | 11.52–41.30 | 7.17 | 10 | * | 0.54 | 0.16–1.82 | ||
G9 | 199 | 2.06 ± 0.35 | 233.76 | 168.85–345.03 | 15.23 | 13 | * | 4.62 | 1.63–13.10 | # | |
G11 | 225 | 1.06 ± 0.34 | 21.78 | 0.30–62.90 | 7.55 | 10 | * | 0.43 | 0.02–8.66 | ||
T2 | G5 | 149 | 1.87 ± 0.29 | 301.06 | 173.08–579.44 | 18.68 | 10 | 5.95 | 2.02–17.54 | # | |
G7 | 262 | 2.07 ± 0.31 | 130.70 | 91.10–209.64 | 35.05 | 15 | 2.58 | 0.93–7.19 | |||
G9 | 250 | 1.69 ± 0.23 | 272.79 | 159.31–460.66 | 48.07 | 18 | 5.39 | 0.01–1947.02 | |||
G11 | 224 | 1.03 ± 0.34 | 21.97 | 0.19–65.11 | 8.59 | 10 | * | 0.43 | 0.02–11.11 | ||
T3 | G5 | 181 | 1.81 ± 0.32 | 172.74 | 110.12–334.75 | 13.22 | 10 | * | 3.41 | 1.14–10.22 | # |
G7 | 212 | 1.52 ± 0.26 | 23.05 | 8.08–39.78 | 27.21 | 13 | 0.46 | 0.14–1.41 | |||
G9 | 120 | 3.38 ± 0.61 | 32.38 | 22.55–47.18 | 10.44 | 7 | * | 0.64 | 0.23–1.82 | ||
G11 | 300 | 1.25 ± 0.20 | 246.94 | 128.7–913.9 | 37.89 | 14 | 4.88 | 1.55–15.32 | # |
Scenario | Generation | Mortality % ± SE (n) † | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-treated | 0.5 ppm | 1 ppm | 10 ppm | 100 ppm | ||
Initial MR | G1 | 2 ± 2 (45) | - | 56 ± 11 (45) | 71 ± 6 (45) | 82 ± 4 (44) |
T1 | G5 | 0 ± 0 (36) | 0 ± 0 (24) | 0 ± 0 (36) | 0 (12) | 0 ± 0 (36) |
G7 | 0 ± 0 (36) | - | - | - | 0 ± 0 (36) | |
G9 | 0 ± 0 (30) | - | - | - | 3 ± 3 (30) | |
G11 | 2 ± 2 (45) | - | - | - | 0 ± 0 (45) | |
T2 | G5 | 0 ± 0 (29) | 0 ± 0 (20) | 0 ± 0 (30) | 0 (10) | 0 ± 0 (30) |
G7 | 0 ± 0 (36) | - | - | - | 3 ± 3 (36) | |
G9 | 0 ± 0 (30) | - | - | - | 3 ± 3 (30) | |
G11 | 2 ± 2 (45) | - | - | - | 0 ± 0 (45) | |
T3 | G5 | 3 ± 3 (36) | 8 ± 8 (24) | 67 ± 25 (36) | 100 (12) | 97 ± 3 (36) |
G7 | 6 ± 3 (36) | 77 ± 3 (35) | 89 ± 3 (36) | 97 ± 3 (36) | 94 ± 6 (36) | |
G9 | 3 ± 3 (30) | 53 ± 3 (30) | 84 ± 3 (31) | 97 ± 3 (30) | 93 ± 3 (30) | |
G11 | 0 ± 0 (45) | 69 ± 4 (45) | 98 ± 2 (45) | 98 ± 2 (45) | 100 ± 0 (45) |
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Guillem-Amat, A.; López-Errasquín, E.; Sánchez, L.; González-Guzmán, M.; Ortego, F. Inheritance, Fitness Cost, and Management of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Insects 2020, 11, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090551
Guillem-Amat A, López-Errasquín E, Sánchez L, González-Guzmán M, Ortego F. Inheritance, Fitness Cost, and Management of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Insects. 2020; 11(9):551. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090551
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuillem-Amat, Ana, Elena López-Errasquín, Lucas Sánchez, Miguel González-Guzmán, and Félix Ortego. 2020. "Inheritance, Fitness Cost, and Management of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)" Insects 11, no. 9: 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090551