Evaluation of Suppressed Mite Reproduction (SMR) Reveals Potential for Varroa Resistance in European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Bee Colonies and Sampling Strategy
2.2. Evaluation of Mite Non-Reproduction
2.3. Simulation Analyses
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Variability of SMR in Different European Countries
3.2. Protocol Improvement to Estimate a Reliable SMR Score
3.3. Variability of SMR in Different Honey Bee Genotypes
3.4. Putative Mechanisms for SMR
4. Discussion
4.1. SMR Trait in European Colonies
4.2. Factors Affecting Measurement of SMR
4.3. Triggers for SMR
4.4. Comparing SMR to Other Means of Selection for Varroa Resistance
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Laboratory | Genotypes | Samples (≥10 SIC) | Samples (≥35 SIC) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Croatia (Hr) | HPA | carnica | 12 | 7 |
OS | carnica | 16 | 12 | |
Denmark (Dk) | Dk | Buckfast | 6 | 2 |
France (Fr) | INRA | Buckfast, mellifera mix, VSH | 56 | 34 |
ITSAP | Buckfast, caucasica, carnica mix, ligustica mix | 39 | 33 | |
Germany (De) | LLH Bee Institute | carnica | 105 | 35 |
Greece (Gr) | HAO-API | cecropia, macedonica | 15 | 0 |
Italy (It) | CREA-API | ligustica | 12 | 2 |
Aspromiele | Buckfast | 20 | 0 | |
Lithuania (Lit) | Vilnius | carnica mix | 10 | 0 |
R. of Moldova (Mol) | IZASM | carpatica | 23 | 13 |
Norway (Nor) | NBA | mellifera | 10 | 1 |
Poland (Pol) | Pulawy | carnica, caucasica, mellifera | 17 | 7 |
Olsztyn | carnica | 29 | 9 | |
Portugal (Por) | CIMO | iberiensis | 7 | 0 |
Romania (Rom) | ICDA | carpatica | 23 | 19 |
Switzerland (Sw) | Liebefeld | carnica mix | 14 | 2 |
Total | 414 | 176 |
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Mondet, F.; Parejo, M.; Meixner, M.D.; Costa, C.; Kryger, P.; Andonov, S.; Servin, B.; Basso, B.; Bieńkowska, M.; Bigio, G.; et al. Evaluation of Suppressed Mite Reproduction (SMR) Reveals Potential for Varroa Resistance in European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.). Insects 2020, 11, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090595
Mondet F, Parejo M, Meixner MD, Costa C, Kryger P, Andonov S, Servin B, Basso B, Bieńkowska M, Bigio G, et al. Evaluation of Suppressed Mite Reproduction (SMR) Reveals Potential for Varroa Resistance in European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.). Insects. 2020; 11(9):595. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090595
Chicago/Turabian StyleMondet, Fanny, Melanie Parejo, Marina D. Meixner, Cecilia Costa, Per Kryger, Sreten Andonov, Bertrand Servin, Benjamin Basso, Małgorzata Bieńkowska, Gianluigi Bigio, and et al. 2020. "Evaluation of Suppressed Mite Reproduction (SMR) Reveals Potential for Varroa Resistance in European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)" Insects 11, no. 9: 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090595