Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Successive Application of Methyl Bromide and Cold Treatment on Export Strawberry Fruits
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tested Plant
2.2. Tested Insect
2.3. Fumigant and Fumigation Procedures
2.4. Measurement of Fumigant Concentration
2.5. Determination of Concentration Time (Ct) Product
- C is the fumigant concentration (mg/L)t is time of exposure (h)i is the order of measurementCt is the concentration × time (mg h/L)
2.6. Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
- SR = 1 describes additive action,SR < 1 describes antagonism,SR > 1 describes synergism.
3. Results
3.1. Comparative Efficacy of Methyl Bromide Alone and Methyl Bromide plus Cold Treatment on D. suzukii
3.2. Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Methyl Bromide and Successive Treatment on Strawberry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stages | n | LCt50 (mg h/L) (95% CL a) | LCt99 (mg h/L) (95% CL) | Slope ± SE b | df | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egg | 4425 | 6.37 (3.34–9.46) | 85.41 (60.11–148.47) | 2.06 ± 0.24 | 8 | 946.72 |
Larva | 4453 | 17.18 (6.87–29.24) | 39.44 (24.52–352.26) | 3.55 ± 1.08 | 6 | 2217.20 |
Pupa | 4177 | 8.83 (2.32–13.49) | 32.04 (19.27–416.69) | 4.15 ± 1.09 | 6 | 1576.57 |
Treatment Method | Egg | Larva | Pupa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mortality ± SE a (%) | n | Mortality ± SE (%) | n | Mortality ± SE (%) | |
Cold trt b 0 day | 607 | 5.5 ± 0.5 a | 653 | 5.7 ± 0.3 a | 600 | 4.5 ± 1.3 a |
Cold trt 1 day | 1756 | 62.1 ± 7.6 b | 1075 | 82.9 ± 5.0 b | 699 | 69.2 ± 2.9 b |
Cold trt 2 day | 1395 | 85.6 ± 2.7 c | 1152 | 97.4 ± 0.6 c | 1119 | 96.7 ±0.9 c |
Cold trt 3 day | 1776 | 96.9 ± 0.5 d | 1206 | 99.3 ± 0.3 c | 1142 | 100.0 ± 0.0 c |
Cold trt 5 day | 1983 | 100.0 ± 0.0 d | 1863 | 100.0 ± 0.0 c | 1668 | 100.0 ± 0.0 c |
Stages | n | LCt50 (mg h/L) (95% CL a) | LCt99 (mg h/L) (95% CL) | Slope ± SE b | df | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egg | 5051 | 2.94 (0.92–5.08) | 7.87 (4.30–10.62) | 3.00 ± 0.40 | 6 | 150.18 |
Larva | 4241 | 1.83 (0.01–4.13) | 3.49 (0.15–6.05) | 4.57 ± 1.16 | 6 | 15.68 |
Pupa | 5898 | 3.09 (0.49–5.63) | 18.06 (12.88–30.48) | 3.03 ± 0.63 | 7 | 777.48 |
Stages | Synergistic Ratio a LCt50 | Synergistic Ratio b LCt99 |
---|---|---|
Egg | 2.17 | 10.85 |
Larva | 9.39 | 11.30 |
Pupa | 2.86 | 1.77 |
Fumigant Concn. (mg/L) | Ct Product (mg h/L) | Egg | Larva | Pupa | Adult | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mortality ± SE a (%) | n | Mortality ± SE (%) | n | Mortality ± SE (%) | n | Mortality ± SE (%) | ||
Control | - | 486 | 6.6 ± 1.3 a | 476 | 3.6 ± 1.5 a | 575 | 4.6 ± 1.1 a | 43 | 0.0 ± 0.0 a |
40.0 | 87.3 | 792 | 100.0 ± 0.0 c | 605 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 687 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 51 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b |
20.0 | 41.7 | 614 | 87.8 ± 5.4 b | 590 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 681 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 47 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b |
20.0 + Cold trt 1 d | 41.7 | 758 | 100.0 ± 0.0 c | 598 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 559 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 49 | 100.0 ± 0.0 b |
Storage Period (Days) | Treatment | Deterioration | Mean Surface Color | Weight Reduction Ratio (%) | Sugar Content (%brix) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | a | b | |||||
3 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 38.9 ± 1.5 a | 152.6 ± 2.4 a | 152.1 ± 5.8 a | 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.6 a |
40 mg/L | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 41.4 ± 1.2 a | 143.9 ± 6.9 a | 146.2 ± 1.8 a | 0.0 | 9.0 ± 0.4 a | |
7 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 37.4 ± 2.0 a | 153.8 ± 8.1 a | 150.3 ± 6.1 a | 0.9 ± 0.3 a | 8.0 ± 0.3 a |
40 mg/L | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 39.4 ± 3.3 a | 151.5 ± 5.0 a | 150.6 ± 9.3 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 8.8 ± 0.6 a | |
10 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 40.6 ± 0.4 a | 165.5 ± 6.5 a | 162.4 ± 6.1 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | 8.1 ± 0.1 a |
40 mg/L | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 42.9 ± 2.4 a | 164.1 ± 7.8 a | 162.1 ± 8.8 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 9.0 ± 0.4 a | |
14 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 38.5 ± 1.0 a | 160.9 ± 5.5 a | 157.1 ± 5.7 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 7.1 ± 0.3 a |
40 mg/L | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 40.9 ± 2.0 a | 158.0 ± 7.8 a | 155.6 ± 9.8 a | 1.2 ± 0.2 a | 8.1 ± 0.4 a |
Storage Period (Days) | Treatment | Deterioration | Mean Surface Color | Weight Reduction Ratio (%) | Sugar Content (%brix) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | a | b | |||||
3 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 45.3 ± 3.3 a | 146.0 ± 6.8 a | 139.5 ± 1.6 a | 0.0 | 8.1 ± 0.1 a |
20 mg/L + Cold trt 1 day | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 44.2 ± 1.6 a | 139.9 ± 4.8 a | 143.7 ± 5.1 a | 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.2 a | |
7 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 39.0 ± 1.8 a | 139.6 ± 3.4 a | 137.8 ± 5.1 a | 1.8 ± 1.0 a | 7.6 ± 0.3 a |
20 mg/L + Cold trt 1 day | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 41.8 ± 3.4 a | 144.9 ± 2.5 a | 144.1 ± 4.0 a | 1.3 ± 0.6 a | 7.5 ± 0.6 a | |
10 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 40.7 ± 2.2 a | 146.1 ± 2.8 a | 144.8 ± 2.1 a | 1.5 ± 0.5 a | 7.7 ± 0.2 a |
20 mg/L + Cold trt 1 day | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 39.6 ± 2.6 a | 147.2 ± 5.3 a | 146.1 ± 6.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 8.4 ± 0.5 a | |
14 | Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 38.6 ± 1.8 a | 141.5 ± 7.8 a | 139.8 ± 7.6 a | 0.8 ± 0.1 a | 7.4 ± 0.1 a |
20 mg/L + Cold trt 1 day | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 37.0 ± 0.9 a | 141.0 ± 6.7 a | 139.0 ± 7.7 a | 2.2 ± 1.9 a | 7.1 ± 0.6 a |
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Kim, B.-S.; Choi, J.-E.; Choi, D.-S.; Yang, J.-O. Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Successive Application of Methyl Bromide and Cold Treatment on Export Strawberry Fruits. Insects 2021, 12, 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110990
Kim B-S, Choi J-E, Choi D-S, Yang J-O. Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Successive Application of Methyl Bromide and Cold Treatment on Export Strawberry Fruits. Insects. 2021; 12(11):990. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110990
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Bong-Su, Ji-Eun Choi, Deuk-Soo Choi, and Jeong-Oh Yang. 2021. "Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Successive Application of Methyl Bromide and Cold Treatment on Export Strawberry Fruits" Insects 12, no. 11: 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110990