Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Rearing
2.2. Bioassay and Determination of Sublethal Concentration (LC50) of Farnesyl Derivatives
2.3. Sublethal Treatment and Effects on P. xylostella
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sublethal Concentration of Selected Farnesyl Derivatives on P. xylostella
3.2. Sublethal Effects of Farnesyl Acetate
3.2.1. Developmental Time and Pupal Weight
3.2.2. Pupation and Adult Emergence
3.2.3. Female Ratio, Fecundity, and Hatchability
3.2.4. Ovipositional Period
3.2.5. Abnormalities Caused by Farnesyl Acetate Treatment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patent
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sublethal Effects | Calculation | References |
---|---|---|
(i) Pupation rate (%) | [38] | |
(ii) Emergence rate (%) | [38] | |
(iii) Female ratio (%) | [39] | |
(iv) Fecundity | Total number of eggs laid per female | [40] |
(v) Hatching rate (%) | [41] |
Farnesyl Derivatives | N1 | LC50 | LC90 | Slope ± SE | χ2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farnesyl acetate | 150 | 56.41 (36.963–92.523) | 272.562 (141.988–1696.881) | 1.87 ± 0.487 | 0.943 | >0.05 |
Farnesyl acetone | 150 | 142.87 (94.116–849.911) | 407.67 (186.36–23,669.26) | 2.814 ± 0.991 | 1.019 | >0.05 |
Farnesyl bromide | 150 | - | - | - | ||
Farnesyl chloride | 150 | - | - | - | ||
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone | 150 | - | - | - |
Developmental Time (Mean ± SE) (Days) | df | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Treatment | ||||
Second instar larvae | 1.6 ± 0.08 | 2.6 ± 0.09 | 58 | −8.06 | <0.0001 |
Third instar larvae | 1.6 ± 0.09 | 2.4 ± 0.09 | 58 | −6.22 | <0.0001 |
Fourth instar larvae | 3.2 ± 0.07 | 4.85 ± 0.14 | 58 | −10.65 | <0.0001 |
All larvae | 8.4 ± 0.17 | 11.85 ± 0.21 | 58 | −12.00 | <0.0001 |
Pupa | 5.17 ± 0.17 | 6.17 ± 0.18 | 58 | −4.43 | <0.0001 |
Adult | 21.4 ± 0.55 | 20.8 ± 0.45 | 58 | 3.55 | 0.001 |
Pupal Weight (mg) | Pupation (%) | Emergence (%) | Female Ratio (%) | Fecundity (Egg/Female) | Egg Hatching (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 7.4 ± 0.07 | 90 ± 1.15 | 92 ± 2.11 | 45.3 ± 1.17 | 104.78 ± 4.4 | 84.17 ± 1.12 |
Treated | 5.23 ± 0.21 | 66.67 ± 7.69 | 58.7 ± 9.96 | 27.47 ± 3.3 | 25.11 ± 0.98 | 76.64 ± 1.62 |
Mean ± SE (Days) | df | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Treatment | ||||
Pre-oviposition | 0.9 ± 0.05 | 1.35 ± 0.16 | 16 | −2.64 | 0.018 |
Oviposition | 16.33 ± 0.44 | 13.22 ± 0.4 | 16 | 5.22 | <0.0001 |
Post-oviposition | 3.05 ± 0.19 | 2.3 ± 0.17 | 16 | 2.8 | 0.0123 |
Class | Insecticides | LC50 (mg/L) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Farnesyl acetate | 56.41 | In this study | |
Farnesyl acetone | 142.87 | In this study | |
JHA | Pyriproxyfen | 2010 | [15] |
Fenoxycarb | 93.92 | [16] | |
IGR | Teflubenzuron | 6.73–1440 | [46] |
Diflubenzuron | 1907–2171 | [46] | |
Hexaflumuron | 1.48 | [47] | |
Broad spectrum | Spinosad | 0.28 | [40] |
Fenvalerate | 13-2700 | [43] | |
Fipronil | 7.57 | [44] | |
Methomyl | 0.4-7.3 | [45] | |
Methamidophos | 116.35-6755 | [46] | |
DDT | 170-44200 | [48] |
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Yusoff, N.; Abd Ghani, I.; Othman, N.W.; Aizat, W.M.; Hassan, M. Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Insects 2021, 12, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020109
Yusoff N, Abd Ghani I, Othman NW, Aizat WM, Hassan M. Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Insects. 2021; 12(2):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020109
Chicago/Turabian StyleYusoff, Norazila, Idris Abd Ghani, Nurul Wahida Othman, Wan Mohd Aizat, and Maizom Hassan. 2021. "Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)" Insects 12, no. 2: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020109