Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Species—Seed Beetle (Acanthoscelides obtectus), Laboratory Population and Rearing Conditions
2.2. Collection of Samples
2.3. Landmark Data
2.4. Geometric Morphometric Analyses
2.4.1. Analyses of Size and Shape Variation Patterns
2.4.2. Analyses of Shape Covariation Patterns
3. Results
3.1. Sexual Dimorphism in Size and Shape
3.2. Modularity
4. Discussion
4.1. Morphological Variation and Sexual Dimorphism in Size and Shape
4.2. Modularity
5. Conclusions
- Female-biased size dimorphism in seed beetle (Acanthoscelides obtectus) laboratory population is affected by both life-history and sexual selection.
- Females have shorter and wider abdomens compared to more elongated abdomens in males.
- By testing the modularity hypothesis it was confirmed that female and male body is compartmentalized into two functional modules: thorax and abdomen. The integration of the abdomen in males is dependent on their size, indicating the more prominent role of sexual selection. On the other hand, strong modularity in females, regardless of size, is the result of strong natural selection on reproductive function.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landmark Number | Landmark Position |
---|---|
1. | Point on the top of pronotum |
2. | Leftmost point on pronotum |
3. | Rightmost point on pronotum |
4. | Highest point on mesosternum on left side |
5. | Highest point on mesosternum on right side |
6. | Point on top of metasternum on left side |
7. | Point on top of metasternum on right side |
8. | Point on bottom of metacoxa on left side |
9. | Point on bottom of metacoxa on right side |
10. | Point on metacoxa and metasternum joining on left side |
11. | Point on metacoxa and metasternum joining on right side |
12. | Center of metathorax |
13. | Point on the top of 1st sternite |
14. | Leftmost point on 1st and 2nd sternite joining |
15. | Rightmost point on 1st and 2nd sternite joining |
16. | Leftmost point on 2nd and 3rd sternite joining |
17. | Rightmost point on 2nd and 3rd sternite joining |
18. | Leftmost point on 3rd and 4th sternite joining |
19. | Rightmost point on 3rd and 4th sternite joining |
20. | Leftmost point on 4th and 5th sternite joining |
21. | Rightmost point on 4th and 5th sternite joining |
22. | Point on half on 5th sternite bottom margin |
Eigenvalues | % Variance | Cumulative % | |
---|---|---|---|
Females | |||
PC l | 0.00057 | 27.185 | 27.185 |
PC 2 | 0.00037 | 17.603 | 44.787 |
Total variance | 0.00208 | ||
Males | |||
PC l | 0.00089 | 31.681 | 31.681 |
PC 2 | 0.00073 | 25.533 | 57.214 |
Total variance | 0.00283 |
SS | MS | df | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | |||||
Individual | 0.46976 | 0.0001506 | 3120 | 3.31 | <0.0001 |
Error | 0.03758 | 0.0000060 | 6280 | ||
Males | |||||
Individual | 0.70243 | 0.0002251 | 3120 | 4.59 | <0.0001 |
Error | 0.02821 | 0.0000045 | 6280 |
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Budečević, S.; Savković, U.; Đorđević, M.; Vlajnić, L.; Stojković, B. Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach. Insects 2021, 12, 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040350
Budečević S, Savković U, Đorđević M, Vlajnić L, Stojković B. Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach. Insects. 2021; 12(4):350. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040350
Chicago/Turabian StyleBudečević, Sanja, Uroš Savković, Mirko Đorđević, Lea Vlajnić, and Biljana Stojković. 2021. "Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach" Insects 12, no. 4: 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040350