Landscape Enhancements in Apple Orchards: Higher Bumble Bee Queen Species Richness, but No Effect on Apple Quality
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Bumble Bee Capture–Mark–Recapture
2.3. Apple Quality
2.4. Landscape Enhancements and Orchard Management
2.5. Statistical Analyses
2.5.1. Bumble Bee Community
2.5.2. Apple Quality
3. Results
3.1. Bumble Bee Community
3.2. Apple Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Landscape Enhancements
4.2. Intensity of Pesticide Use
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# Orchard | Region | Type of Landscape Enhancements | Index of Pesticide Use (0 = Low; 109 = High) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Estrie | None | 23 |
2 | Estrie | Deciduous/coniferous windbreaks | 13 |
3 | Estrie | Flower strips | 27 |
4 | Estrie | Deciduous/coniferous windbreaks and intercropping | 51 |
5 | Estrie | None | 48 |
6 | Estrie | None | 49 |
7 | Montérégie | Deciduous/coniferous windbreaks and flower strips | 109 |
8 | Montérégie | Deciduous/coniferous windbreaks | 32 |
9 | Montérégie | None | 70 |
10 | Montérégie | None | 54 |
11 | Montérégie | None | 52 |
12 | Montérégie | Coniferous windbreaks | 48 |
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Gervais, A.; Bélisle, M.; Mazerolle, M.J.; Fournier, V. Landscape Enhancements in Apple Orchards: Higher Bumble Bee Queen Species Richness, but No Effect on Apple Quality. Insects 2021, 12, 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050421
Gervais A, Bélisle M, Mazerolle MJ, Fournier V. Landscape Enhancements in Apple Orchards: Higher Bumble Bee Queen Species Richness, but No Effect on Apple Quality. Insects. 2021; 12(5):421. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050421
Chicago/Turabian StyleGervais, Amélie, Marc Bélisle, Marc J. Mazerolle, and Valérie Fournier. 2021. "Landscape Enhancements in Apple Orchards: Higher Bumble Bee Queen Species Richness, but No Effect on Apple Quality" Insects 12, no. 5: 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050421