Intrasexual Vibrational Behavior of Philaenus spumarius in Semi-Field Conditions
by
, , and
Imane Akassou
1,2,3,*, 
Sabina Avosani
1,2,
Valentina Caorsi
2,4
,
Vincenzo Verrastro
3,
Marco Ciolli
1,4
and
Valerio Mazzoni
2
1
DICAM Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
2
Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
3
CIHEAM—IAMB International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Bari, Italy
4
C3A, Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Insects 2021, 12(7), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070584
Submission received: 4 May 2021
/
Revised: 21 June 2021
/
Accepted: 24 June 2021
/
Published: 28 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioural Variability)
Simple Summary
Vibrational communication is widespread in insects. Since most studies of intrasexual behavior on insects have targeted few individuals, the behaviors occurring within groups have been left unexplored. Including multiple individuals in behavioral studies on vibrational communication would provide more reliable information about their intrasexual behavior. In semi-field conditions, the intrasexual behavior of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, was studied. Using a laser vibrometer, we recorded vibrational signals exchanged among individuals of the same sex, throughout their adult stage and during the day, from the morning to the evening. The results showed that males were less active than females and the interactions among males were less frequent than among females. Intrasexual interactions were characterized by signal overlapping in both unisex groups, in addition to signal alternating only in the case of males. This study provided a better understanding of the social behavior of P. spumarius based on vibrational signals.
Abstract
Insects that communicate by vibrational signals live in a complex interactive network of communication. Most studies on insect intrasexual behavior, based on plant-borne vibrational signals, have targeted few individuals. Despite their importance, behaviors that occur within groups were often overlooked. The study of multiple individuals, when insects occur in high density could simulate the environment in which they live and provide more reliable information on their behavior. In semi-field conditions, we investigated the intrasexual behavior of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius. Vibrational signals exchanged among individuals of the same sex were recorded throughout their adult stage, from late spring to early autumn, and during the day, from the morning to the evening using a laser vibrometer. Males were less active than females throughout the season and their interactions were less frequent compared to females. Intrasexual interactions were characterized by signal overlapping in both unisex groups, in addition to signal alternating only in the case of males. In conclusion, the study of signaling behavior in intrasexual groups contributed to a better understanding of P. spumarius social behavior. We discuss the hypothesis of a possible competitive behavior between males and cooperative behavior between females.
