Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rearing Honey Bee Larvae In Vitro
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Mortality and Abnormal Symptoms
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In Vitro Mortality, Adult Emergence Rates, and Survival
3.2. Emergence Rates by Time (Days)
3.3. Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Bees
3.4. Body Weight and Length of Newly Emerged Adult Bees
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Day | 1 | 3 | 4, 5, 6 |
---|---|---|---|
Volume of diet/larva (μL) | 20 | 20 | 30, 40, 50 |
Diet component | Diet A | Diet B | Diet C |
Royal jelly (%) | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Distilled water (%) | 37.0 | 33.5 | 30.0 |
Glucose (%) | 6.0 | 7.5 | 9.0 |
Fructose (%) | 6.0 | 7.5 | 9.0 |
Yeast extract (%) | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Symptom | Description |
---|---|
Early death (ED) | Sunk in diet, failed to maintain the C-shape, flattening |
Melanizing death (MD) | Death with darkening internally or externally, having black spots |
Failed molt (FM) | Failure to evert imaginal discs, but the pupal molt is incomplete |
Failed adult molt (FA) | Failure to emerge from final molt |
Surviving normal (SN) | Survived and successfully eclosed as bees |
Deformed wings (DW) | Eclosed as bees with deformed wings |
-with short wings (DSW) | Eclosed as bees with short wings |
-with tangled wings (DTW) | Eclosed as bees with tangled wings |
Deformed antennae (DA) | Eclosed as bees with deformed antennae |
Abnormal abdomen shape (AAS) | Eclosed as bees with abnormal abdomen shape (humpback) |
NHG 1 | CHG 2 | CVG 3 | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Larval mortality (%) | 4.9 (±0.7) | 7.7 (±4.1) | 4.2 (±2.7) | 0.396 |
Pupal mortality (%) | 16.1 (±2.8) | 13.5 (±3.4) | 15.3 (±2.2) | 0.843 |
Adult emergence rate (%) | 79.9 (±3.3) | 79.9 (±6.7) | 81.3 (±0.9) | 0.943 |
Observed Symptoms 1 | NHG 2 | CHG 3 | CVG 4 |
---|---|---|---|
SN (%) | 73.0 | 73.0 | 88.0 |
AAS (%) | 13.9 | 4.3 | 3.4 |
DSW (%) | 0.9 | 4.3 | 1.7 |
DTW (%) | 0.9 | 3.5 | 1.7 |
DTWA (%) | 3.5 | 6.1 | 3.4 |
DA (%) | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
AAS + DW (%) | 4.3 | 4.3 | 0.0 |
AAS + DA (%) | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
DW + DA (%) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
AAS + DW + DA (%) | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Weight (mg) | Length (mm) | |
---|---|---|
NHG 1 | 67.40 (±12.24) a | 10.88 (±0.96) a |
CHG 2 | 69.77 (±12.63) ab | 10.82 (±0.92) a |
CVG 3 | 71.95 (±12.12) b | 11.55 (±1.00) b |
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Kim, J.; Chon, K.; Kim, B.-S.; Oh, J.-A.; Yoon, C.-Y.; Park, H.-H.; Choi, Y.-S. Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees. Insects 2021, 12, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070603
Kim J, Chon K, Kim B-S, Oh J-A, Yoon C-Y, Park H-H, Choi Y-S. Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees. Insects. 2021; 12(7):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070603
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Juyeong, Kyongmi Chon, Bo-Seon Kim, Jin-A Oh, Chang-Young Yoon, Hong-Hyun Park, and Yong-Soo Choi. 2021. "Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees" Insects 12, no. 7: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070603
APA StyleKim, J., Chon, K., Kim, B. -S., Oh, J. -A., Yoon, C. -Y., Park, H. -H., & Choi, Y. -S. (2021). Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees. Insects, 12(7), 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070603