Field Effectiveness of Drones to Identify Potential Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites in Household Environments from Tapachula, a Dengue-Endemic City in Southern Mexico
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Breeding Habitats Sampling by Traditional Ground Surveillance (GS)
2.3. Breeding Habitats Inspections by Drone Surveillance (DS)
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ground Surveillance (GS) Method
3.2. Drone Surveillance (DS) Method
3.3. Comparison between Drone and Ground Surveillance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Container Type | House Location | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indoor (%) | +/−Larvae Presence (%) | Outdoor (%) | +/−Larvae Presence (%) | Frequency (%) | +/−Larvae Presence (%) | |
Plastic bucket & tubs | 60 (14.4) | 3 (5.0) | 191 (8.2) | 12 (6.3) | 251 (9.1) | 15 (6.0) |
Tin bucket | 2 (0.5) | 1 (50.0) | 10 (0.4) | 1 (10.0) | 12 (0.4) | 2 (16.7) |
55-Ga drum | 31 (7.4) | 5 (16.1) | 55 (2.4) | 12 (21.8) | 86 (3.1) | 17 (19.8) |
Non-disposable plastic container | 51 (12.2) | 2 (3.9) | 232 (9.9) | 10 (4.3) | 283 (10.3) | 12 (4.2) |
Non-disposable glass container | 17 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (2.2) | 1 (2.0) | 68 (2.5) | 1 (1.5) |
Non-disposable pewter container | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (33.3) | 4 (0.1) | 1 (25.0) |
Clay pot | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (50.0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (33.3) |
Cement washbasin (large) | 97 (23.2) | 42 (43.3) | 108 (4.6) | 37 (34.3) | 205 (7.4) | 79 (38.5) |
Cement washbasin (small) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (16.7) | 8 (0.3) | 1 (12.5) |
Elevated storage tank | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (1.5) | 3 (8.3) | 38 (1.4) | 3 (7.9) |
Cistern | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Flowerpot | 23 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 846 (36.2) | 6 (0.7) | 869 (31.6) | 6 (0.7) |
Animal drinking container (fixed) | 5 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (1.0) | 1 (4.2) | 29 (1.1) | 1 (3.4) |
Animal eating container (fixed) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Glass bottle | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (1.7) | 1 (2.6) | 40 (1.5) | 1 (2.5) |
Can | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 151 (6.5) | 3 (2.0) | 151 (5.5) | 3 (2.0) |
Animal drinking (mobile) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 141 (6.0) | 5 (3.5) | 142 (5.2) | 5 (3.5) |
Animal eating container (mobile) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Disposable plastic container | 7 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 218 (9.3) | 4 (1.8) | 225 (8.2) | 4 (1.8) |
Disposable glass container | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Disposable pewter container | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (33.3) |
Vase | 14 (3.3) | 3 (21.4) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (25.0) | 18 (0.7) | 4 (22.2) |
Tire | 11 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 84 (3.6) | 7 (8.3) | 95 (3.5) | 7 (7.4) |
Toilet | 82 (19.6) | 1 (1.2) | 66 (2.8) | 2 (3.0) | 148 (5.4) | 3 (2.0) |
Discarded stove | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Others | 8 (1.9) | 2 (25.0) | 43 (1.8) | 8 (18.6) | 51 (1.9) | 10 (19.6) |
Total (n) | 418 (100.0) | 59 (14.1) | 2334 (100.0) | 118 (5.1) | 2752 (100.0) | 177 (6.4) |
Container Type | Drone Surveillance (DS) | Ground Surveillance (GS) | Proportion of Containers DS in Roofs:GS | Proportion of Containers DS in Backyards:GS | Proportion of Containers DS Total: GS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roofs (%) | Backyards (%) | Total (%) | |||||
Disposable plastic containers | 55 (37.4) | 218 (26.1) | 273 (27.8) | 218 | 1:4.0 | 1:1 | 1.25:1 |
Plastic bucket & tubs | 20 (13.6) | 378 (45.2) | 398 (40.5) | 191 | 1:10.0 | 1.98:1 | 2.08:1 |
Elevated storage tanks | 12 (8.2) | 8 (1.0) | 20 (2.0) | 36 | 1:3 | 1:4.5 | 1:1.8 |
Cement washbasins (large) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.0) | 8 (0.8) | 108 | 0:1 | 1:13.5 | 1:13.5 |
Tires | 10 (6.8) | 15 (1.8) | 25 (2.5) | 84 | 1:8.4 | 1:5.6 | 1:3.4 |
Toilets | 0 (0.0) | 9 (1.1) | 9 (0.9) | 66 | 0:1 | 1:7.3 | 1:7.3 |
Flowerpots | 3 (2.0) | 152 (18.2) | 155 (15.8) | 846 | 1:282 | 1:5.6 | 1:5.5 |
Tin buckets | 2 (1.4) | 20 (2.4) | 22 (2.2) | 10 | 1:5 | 2:1 | 2.20:1 |
Glass bottles | 0 (0.0) | 9 (1.1) | 9 (0.9) | 39 | 0:1 | 1:4.3 | 1:4.3 |
Others | 45 (30.6) | 19 (2.3) | 64 (6.5) | 43 | 1.1:1 | 1:2.3 | 1.49:1 |
Total (n) | 147 (15.0) | 836 (85.0) | 983 (100) | 2752 * | 1:18.7 * | 1:3.3 * | 1:2.8 * |
Container type | Presence by DS (%) | Absence by DS (%) | Presence by GS (%) | Absence by GS (%) | Presence DS + GS (%) | Absence DS + GS (%) | Concordance DS–GS (%) * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disposable plastic containers | 62 (28.7) | 154 (71.3) | 18 (8.3) | 198 (91.7) | 77 (35.6) | 139 (64.3) | 3 (3.9) |
Plastic bucket & tubs | 101 (46.8) | 115 (53.2) | 84 (38.9) | 132 (61.1) | 142 (65.7) | 74 (34.3) | 43 (30.3) |
Elevated storage tanks | 8 (3.7) | 208 (96.3) | 34 (15.7) | 182 (84.3) | 40 (18.5) | 176 (81.5) | 2 (5.0) |
Cement washbasins (large) | 7 (3.2) | 209 (96.8) | 106 (49.1) | 110 (50.9) | 108 (50.0) | 108 (50.0) | 5 (4.6) |
Tires | 9 (4.2) | 207 (95.8) | 16 (7.4) | 200 (92.6) | 23 (10.6) | 193 (89.4) | 2 (8.7) |
Toilets | 8 (3.7) | 208 (96.3) | 64 (29.6) | 152 (70.4) | 69 (31.9) | 147 (68.1) | 3 (4.35) |
Flowerpots | 48 (22.2) | 168 (77.8) | 101 (46.8) | 115 (53.2) | 127 (58.8) | 89 (41.2) | 22 (17.32) |
Tin buckets | 16 (7.4) | 200 (92.6) | 10 (4.6) | 206 (95.4) | 24 (11.1) | 192 (88.9) | 2 (8.33) |
Glass bottles | 3 (1.4) | 213 (98.6) | 12 (5.6) | 204 (94.4) | 15 (6.9) | 201 (93.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Others | 19 (8.8) | 197 (91.2) | 39 (18.1) | 177 (81.9) | 55 (25.5) | 161 (84.5) | 3 (5.5) |
Total (n) | 146 (67.6) | 70 (32.4) | 197 (91.2) | 19 (8.8) | 208 (96.3) | 8 (3.7) | 135 (64.9) |
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Valdez-Delgado, K.M.; Moo-Llanes, D.A.; Danis-Lozano, R.; Cisneros-Vázquez, L.A.; Flores-Suarez, A.E.; Ponce-García, G.; Medina-De la Garza, C.E.; Díaz-González, E.E.; Fernández-Salas, I. Field Effectiveness of Drones to Identify Potential Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites in Household Environments from Tapachula, a Dengue-Endemic City in Southern Mexico. Insects 2021, 12, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080663
Valdez-Delgado KM, Moo-Llanes DA, Danis-Lozano R, Cisneros-Vázquez LA, Flores-Suarez AE, Ponce-García G, Medina-De la Garza CE, Díaz-González EE, Fernández-Salas I. Field Effectiveness of Drones to Identify Potential Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites in Household Environments from Tapachula, a Dengue-Endemic City in Southern Mexico. Insects. 2021; 12(8):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080663
Chicago/Turabian StyleValdez-Delgado, Kenia Mayela, David A. Moo-Llanes, Rogelio Danis-Lozano, Luis Alberto Cisneros-Vázquez, Adriana E. Flores-Suarez, Gustavo Ponce-García, Carlos E. Medina-De la Garza, Esteban E. Díaz-González, and Ildefonso Fernández-Salas. 2021. "Field Effectiveness of Drones to Identify Potential Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites in Household Environments from Tapachula, a Dengue-Endemic City in Southern Mexico" Insects 12, no. 8: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080663