Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Timeline
2.3. Collection of Wild Mosquitoes and Introduction into the Insectary
2.4. Crossing for “Insectary Vigor”
2.5. Selection to Maintain Pyrethroid Resistance
2.6. Authentication of the Outcrossed An. Gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain
2.6.1. Phenotypic Resistance
WHO Susceptibility Test and CDC Bioassay
Synergist-Insecticide Bottle Bioassay
2.6.2. Genotypic Basis of Resistance
Detection of kdr and Ace-1 Mutations
2.6.3. Species Identification and Biometric Measures for Fitness
Species Identification
Biometric Measurements
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Colony Selection
3.2. Phenotypic Resistance
3.2.1. WHO Susceptibility
3.2.2. Synergist-Insecticide Bottle Bioassay
3.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Species Identification and Resistance Status
3.4. Resistance Strength of the Selected Colony: CDC Bottle Bioassay
3.5. Biometric Measures for Fitness
4. Discussion
4.1. Blood-Feeding Challenges with Wild Mosquitoes
4.2. Initial Low Insecticide Resistance Following Cross-Breeding
4.3. Impact of Mosquito Developmental Stage Used for Selection
4.4. Impact of Selection Using Pyrethroids
4.5. Differential Resistance to Type I and Type II Pyrethroids
4.6. Metabolic Resistance
4.7. Intermittent Quality Control Checks and Regular Strain Authentication
4.8. Effect of Mosquito Weight and Wing Length on Phenotypic Resistance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Generation | Number of Samples | Molecular Assay | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | kdr-E | Ace-1 | ||||||
%Ar | %Ga | %RRe | %RSe | %SSe | %RRe | %SSe | ||
G43 | 37 | 0 | 100 | 30 | 27 | 43 | 0 | 100 |
G99 | 57 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
G131 | 50 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
G150 | 84 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
G162 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
G168 | 84 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
G178 | 84 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
G188 | 84 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
G190 | 84 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
G198 | 88 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
G204 | 88 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | N | N |
Year | Samples (N) | Mean Wing Length | 95% CI | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 50 | 2.9504 | 2.8995-3.0013 | 0.6592 |
2017 | 150 | 2.9362 | 2.9035–2.9689 | |
2017 | 150 | 2.9362 | 2.9035–2.9689 | <0.0001 |
2019 | 149 | 3.0405 | 3.0066–3.0745 | |
2019 | 149 | 3.0405 | 3.0066–3.0745 | 0.0025 |
2020 | 100 | 2.9532 | 2.9063–3.0001 |
Year | Samples (N) | Mean Weight | 95% CI | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 50 | 0.0011 | 0.0010–0.0012 | <0.0001 |
2017 | 150 | 0.0016 | 0.0015–0.0017 | |
2017 | 150 | 0.0016 | 0.0015–0.0017 | <0.0001 |
2019 | 149 | 0.0012 | 0.0012–0.0013 | |
2019 | 149 | 0.0012 | 0.0012–0.0013 | 0.4281 |
2020 | 100 | 0.0012 | 0.0011–0.0012 |
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Azizi, S.; Snetselaar, J.; Wright, A.; Matowo, J.; Shirima, B.; Kaaya, R.; Athumani, R.; Tenu, F.; Protopopoff, N.; Kirby, M. Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides. Insects 2021, 12, 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080710
Azizi S, Snetselaar J, Wright A, Matowo J, Shirima B, Kaaya R, Athumani R, Tenu F, Protopopoff N, Kirby M. Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides. Insects. 2021; 12(8):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080710
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzizi, Salum, Janneke Snetselaar, Alexandra Wright, Johnson Matowo, Boniface Shirima, Robert Kaaya, Rashid Athumani, Filemoni Tenu, Natacha Protopopoff, and Matthew Kirby. 2021. "Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides" Insects 12, no. 8: 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080710
APA StyleAzizi, S., Snetselaar, J., Wright, A., Matowo, J., Shirima, B., Kaaya, R., Athumani, R., Tenu, F., Protopopoff, N., & Kirby, M. (2021). Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides. Insects, 12(8), 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080710