Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Assemblages and Environmental Variation along Three Streams Located in the Dry-Hot Valleys of Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan, Southwest China
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Sampling and Lab Analysis
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Variation across the Three Streams in BSM
3.2. Distribution, Structure, and Composition of Mayfly Assemblages
3.3. Distribution Pattern and Relationship between Ephemeropterans and Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Factors | Benzilan | Sharong | Yeri | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Min | Mean ± Std | Max | Min | Mean ± Std | Max | Min | Mean ± Std | |
Alt (m) ns | 2856 | 2634 | 2743.27 ± 75.8 | 3769 | 2364 | 2878.5 ± 520.95 | 2778 | 2300 | 2583.75 ± 151.21 |
Cond (µs/cm) *** | 305.0 | 84.1 | 159.064 ± 99.6 | 287.3 | 172 | 254.958 ± 36.83 | 170.0 | 139.4 | 151.392 ± 10.21 |
TDS *** | 247.6 | 75.40 | 134.963 ± 80.3 | 250.9 | 167.7 | 219.158 ± 23.66 | 142.35 | 126.10 | 133.466 ± 5.07 |
WT (°C) ns | 14.6 | 10.2 | 12.082 ± 1.44 | 15.6 | 7.5 | 12.000 ± 2.87 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 11.200 ± 1.25 |
DO (mg/L) ns | 8.39 | 6.98 | 7.530 ± 0.40 | 7.78 | 6.94 | 7.398 ± 0.31 | 8.20 | 7.27 | 7.665 ± 0.29 |
pH *** | 8.86 | 7.91 | 8.437 ± 0.27 | 8.96 | 8.62 | 8.863 ± 0.08 | 8.91 | 8.11 | 8.678 ± 0.21 |
ORP ns | 132.2 | 75.3 | 97.727 ± 21.11 | 138.1 | 62.1 | 102.058 ± 27.87 | 115.2 | 36.6 | 85.642 ± 25.08 |
TN (mg/L) *** | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.118 ± 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.260 ± 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.194 ± 0.01 |
NH3 (mg/L) ns | 0.019 | 0.004 | 0.008 ± 0.00 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.009 ± 0.00 | 0.019 | 0.03 | 0.008 ± 0.00 |
TP (mg/L) ns | 5.006 | 3.754 | 4.256 ± 0.55 | 4.335 | 2.719 | 3.548 ± 0.57 | 3.512 | 3.033 | 3.173 ± 0.15 |
Si (mg/L) *** | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.022 ± 00.00 | 0.118 | 0.014 | 0.030 ± 0.02 | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.015 ± 0.00 |
DOC (mg/L) * | 1.58 | 0.48 | 1.103 ± 0.35 | 2.02 | 0.71 | 0.975 ± 0.35 | 1.08 | 0.58 | 0.780 ± 0.14 |
Chla ns | 0.078 | 0.031 | 0.493 ± 0.01 | 0.189 | 0.000 | 0.031 ± 0.05 | 1.183 | 0.009 | 0.124 ± 0.33 |
TOC (mg/L) *** | 3.060 | 0.943 | 1.373 ± 0.57 | 2.31 | 0.54 | 0.875 ± 0.52 | 0.765 | 0.485 | 0.582 ± 0.07 |
Width (m) *** | 4.5 | 1.8 | 2.982 ± 0.84 | 2 | 2 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 3.708 ± 0.75 |
Flow-v (m/s) ns | 1.00 | 0.32 | 0.574 ± 0.18 | 0.80 | 0.44 | 0.558 ± 0.10 | 0.74 | 0.24 | 0.471 ± 0.15 |
Turb (NTU) ns | 2.8 | 0.5 | 1.573 ± 0.66 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 1.200 ± 1.70 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.983 ± 0.67 |
Families | Taxa | Benzilan | Sharong | Yeri | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neoephemeridae | Potamanthellus edmundsi | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Ephemerellidae | Ephemerlla sp. | 2 | 0 | 16 | 45 |
Ephemerellidae | Serratella sp. | 36 | 0 | 11 | 47 |
Ephemerellidae | Drunella sp. | 190 | 0 | 209 | 399 |
Baetidae | Baetis sp. | 2821 | 1098 | 1806 | 5725 |
Baetidae | Nigrobaetis (Takobia) sp. | 330 | 282 | 174 | 786 |
Baetidae | Baetiella marginata | 701 | 548 | 232 | 1481 |
Baetidae | Baetiella spathae | 174 | 43 | 75 | 292 |
Siphlonuridae | Ameletus sp. | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Leptophlebiidae | Habrophlebiodes sp | 7 | 1 | 306 | 314 |
Caenidae | Caenis sp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Heptageniidae | Iron sp. | 206 | 14 | 74 | 294 |
Heptageniidae | Epeorus sp. | 12 | 116 | 59 | 187 |
Heptageniidae | Ecdyonurus sp. | 21 | 46 | 31 | 98 |
Heptageniidae | Rhithrogena sp1. | 30 | 820 | 109 | 959 |
Heptageniidae | Rhithrogena sp2. | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
Ephemeridae | Ephemera sp. | 8 | 0 | 9 | 17 |
Ephemeridae | Ephemera wuchowensis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 4570 | 2971 | 3117 | 10,658 |
Taxon | Average Dissimilarity | Percentage Contribution | Cumulative Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Baetis sp. | 21.01 | 39.21 | 39.21 |
Baetiella marginata | 8.552 | 15.96 | 55.17 |
Rhithrogena sp1 | 7.106 | 13.26 | 68.43 |
Nigrobaetis (Takobia) sp. | 3.762 | 7.021 | 75.45 |
Habrophlebiodes sp. | 3.121 | 5.825 | 81.28 |
Drunella sp. | 2.988 | 5.577 | 86.85 |
Iron sp. | 2.156 | 4.025 | 90.88 |
Baetiella spathae | 1.873 | 3.495 | 94.37 |
Epeorus sp. | 1.198 | 2.236 | 96.61 |
Ecdyonurus sp. | 0.707 | 1.321 | 97.93 |
Ephemerlla sp. | 0.420 | 0.784 | 98.71 |
Serratella sp. | 0.375 | 0.700 | 99.42 |
Ephemera sp. | 0.147 | 0.274 | 99.69 |
Rhithrogena sp2 | 0.055 | 0.103 | 99.79 |
Ameletus sp. | 0.032 | 0.061 | 99.92 |
Potamanthellus edmundsi | 0.025 | 0.048 | 99.97 |
Ephemera wuchowensis | 0.009 | 0.016 | 99.98 |
Caenis sp. | 0.008 | 0.015 | 100 |
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Farooq, M.; Li, X.; Tan, L.; Fornacca, D.; Li, Y.; Cili, N.; Tian, Z.; Yang, L.; Deng, X.; Liu, S.; et al. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Assemblages and Environmental Variation along Three Streams Located in the Dry-Hot Valleys of Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan, Southwest China. Insects 2021, 12, 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12090775
Farooq M, Li X, Tan L, Fornacca D, Li Y, Cili N, Tian Z, Yang L, Deng X, Liu S, et al. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Assemblages and Environmental Variation along Three Streams Located in the Dry-Hot Valleys of Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan, Southwest China. Insects. 2021; 12(9):775. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12090775
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarooq, Muhammad, Xianfu Li, Lu Tan, Davide Fornacca, Yanpeng Li, Nima Cili, Zhen Tian, Lu Yang, Xiaoling Deng, Shuoran Liu, and et al. 2021. "Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Assemblages and Environmental Variation along Three Streams Located in the Dry-Hot Valleys of Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan, Southwest China" Insects 12, no. 9: 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12090775