Species Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Olive Lace Bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Found in South Africa
by
, , , ,
Vaylen Hlaka
1
,
Éric Guilbert
2,
Samuel Jacobus Smit
3,
Simon van Noort
4,5,
Elleunorah Allsopp
6,
Jethro Langley
1 and
Barbara van Asch
1,* 1
Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
2
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7179, CP50, 45 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
3
Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
4
Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
5
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
6
Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Insects 2021, 12(9), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12090830
Submission received: 10 August 2021
/
Revised: 4 September 2021
/
Accepted: 9 September 2021
/
Published: 15 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st International Electronic Conference on Entomology)
Simple Summary
Olive lace bugs feed on wild and cultivated Olea europaea, causing a negative impact on plant vitality and development. These insects are known to affect olive orchards in South Africa, the country where most of the olive and olive products on the continent are produced. However, the diversity of species of these pests is not clear. Morphological analysis and DNA barcoding showed the presence of Cysteochila lineata, Plerochila australis, Neoplerochila paliatseasi and Neoplerochila sp. Further analyses of genetic divergence and phylogenetic clustering in 30 species in 18 genera of Tingidae using new and publicly available DNA barcodes showed that the majority of sequences deposited on BOLD Systems were correctly assigned to species. The complete mitochondrial genomes of the four species found in South Africa were sequenced to assess their phylogenetic position within Tingidae. The four olive lace bugs formed one cluster of species, and the genus Cysteochila was not monophyletic as C. lineata grouped with the other three olive lace bugs but C. chiniana was placed in a different cluster. This result suggests that lace bug species that feed on olive trees may have a common ancestor and calls for further research on potential adaptations to O. europaea.
Abstract
Olive lace bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are small sap-sucking insects that feed on wild and cultivated Olea europaea. The diversity of olive lace bug species in South Africa, the most important olive producer on the continent, has been incompletely surveyed. Adult specimens were collected in the Western Cape province for morphological and DNA-based species identification, and sequencing of complete mitogenomes. Cysteochila lineata, Plerochila australis, Neoplerochila paliatseasi and Neoplerochila sp. were found at 12 sites. Intra- and interspecific genetic divergences and phylogenetic clustering in 30 species in 18 genera of Tingidae using new and publicly available DNA barcodes showed high levels of congruity between taxonomic and genetic data. The phylogenetic position of the four species found in South Africa was inferred using new and available mitogenomes of Tingidae. Notably, olive lace bugs formed a cluster of closely related species. However, Cysteochila was non-monophyletic as C. lineata was recovered as a sister species to P. australis whereas Cysteochila chiniana, the other representative of the genus, was grouped with Trachypeplus jacobsoni and Tingis cardui in a different cluster. This result suggests that feeding on O. europaea may have a common origin in Tingidae and warrants future research on potential evolutionary adaptations of olive lace bugs to this plant host.
