First Detection of Honeybee Pathogenic Viruses in Butterflies
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Laboratory Investigations
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Number | Location | Habitat Type | Taxon | Species/Number of Specimens |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1/Ljubljana-NE | dry meadows, shrubs, forest path | Apidae | Apis mellifera carnica/10 |
2 | 1/Ljubljana-NE | Pieridae | Leptidea sp./10 | |
3 | 1/Ljubljana-NE | Nymphalidae | Maniola jurtina/10 | |
4 | 1/Ljubljana-NE | Hesperiidae | Tymelicus sp./10 | |
5 | 2/Ljubljana-W | wet meadows, forest edge | Apidae | Apis mellifera carnica/10 |
6 | 2/Ljubljana-W | Pieridae | Gonopteryx rhamni/10 | |
7 | 2/Ljubljana-W | Nymphalidae | Maniola jurtina/10 | |
8 | 2/Ljubljana-W | Hesperiidae | Ochlodes sylvanus/9, Tymelicus sp./1 | |
9 | 3/Ribnica | flowering edges along the railway, extensively managed meadows | Apidae | Apis mellifera carnica/10 |
10 | 3/Ribnica | Pieridae | Pieris rapae/10 | |
11 | 3/Ribnica | Nymphalidae | Melanargia galathea/10 | |
12 | 3/Ribnica | Lycenidae | Polyommatus icarus/10 | |
13 | 4/Žabljek | cultivated and extensively managed wet meadows | Apidae | Apis mellifera carnica/10 |
14 | 4/Žabljek | Pieridae | Pieris sp. (P. napi/1; P. brassicae/1; P. rapae/8) | |
15 | 4/Žabljek | Nymphalidae | Coenonympha pamphilus/10 | |
16 | 4/Žabljek | Lycenidae | Polyommatus icarus/10 |
ABPV | BQCV | CBPV | DWV | LSV3 | SBV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Number | Family (Species)/Number of Specimens | No. of Copies | No. of Copies | No. of Copies | No. of Copies | No. of Copies | No. of Copies |
2 | Pieridae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | Nymphalidae/10 | 9.5 × 104 | 4.7 × 105 | 0 | 0 | 9.8 × 103 | 1.1 × 105 |
4 | Hesperiidae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | Pieridae/10 | 0 | 2.1 × 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.5 × 102 |
7 | Nymphalidae/10 | 5.5 × 103 | 5.6 × 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.7× 103 |
8 | Hesperiidae/10 | 0 | 4.4 × 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.7 × 103 |
10 | Pieridae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 × 104 |
11 | Nymphalidae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 × 103 |
12 | Lycenidae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | Pieridae/10 | 0 | 2.5 × 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.9 × 104 |
15 | Nymphalidae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | Lycenidae/10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 × 103 | 0 |
1 | Apis mellifera carnica/10 | 5.4 × 1012 | 5.0 × 109 | 0 | 1.2 × 104 | 6.6 × 109 | 3.3 × 106 |
5 | Apis mellifera carnica/10 | 8.5 × 102 | 1.5 × 109 | 0 | 0 | 4.7 × 108 | 1.7 × 105 |
9 | Apis mellifera carnica/10 | 1.7 × 105 | 3.7 × 109 | 0 | 1.0 × 104 | 1.5 × 109 | 6.8 × 104 |
13 | Apis mellifera carnica/10 | 2.4 × 104 | 5.1 × 1010 | 0 | 0 | 3.6 × 109 | 3.2 × 104 |
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Pislak Ocepek, M.; Glavan, G.; Verovnik, R.; Šimenc, L.; Toplak, I. First Detection of Honeybee Pathogenic Viruses in Butterflies. Insects 2022, 13, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100925
Pislak Ocepek M, Glavan G, Verovnik R, Šimenc L, Toplak I. First Detection of Honeybee Pathogenic Viruses in Butterflies. Insects. 2022; 13(10):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100925
Chicago/Turabian StylePislak Ocepek, Metka, Gordana Glavan, Rudi Verovnik, Laura Šimenc, and Ivan Toplak. 2022. "First Detection of Honeybee Pathogenic Viruses in Butterflies" Insects 13, no. 10: 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100925