Toxicity, Behavioral Effects, and Chitin Structural Chemistry of Reticulitermes flaviceps Exposed to Cymbopogon citratus EO and Its Major Constituent Citral
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Lemongrass EO and the Constituents
2.3. GC-MS Analysis
2.4. Vapor Toxicity
2.5. Behavior Effect
2.5.1. Walking Behavior
2.5.2. Gripping Behavior
2.6. Effect of Chitin Structural Chemistry
2.6.1. Insect Treatment
2.6.2. Chitin Extraction
2.6.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.6.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.6.5. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.6.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Composition of Lemongrass EO
3.2. Vapor Activity of Lemongrass EO and the Major Constituent
3.3. Effects of Lemongrass EO and the Major Constituent on Walking Behavior
3.4. Effects of Lemongrass EO and Its Major Constituent on Gripping Behavior
3.5. Chitin Content
3.6. Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation
3.7. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.8. X-ray Diffraction
3.9. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Constituents | RI a | RI b | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-Pinene | 1.83 | ||
2 | β-Pinene | 935 | 932 | 0.64 |
3 | Limonene | 979 | 977 | 2.46 |
4 | 1,8-Cineole | 1029 | 1025 | 6.52 |
5 | Linalool | 1038 | 1036 | - |
6 | trans-Citral | 1097 | 1095 | 31.42 |
7 | Geraniol | 1240 | 1235 | 8.78 |
8 | Citronellyl formate | 1250 | 1249 | - |
9 | cis-Citral | 1277 | 1271 | 36.51 |
10 | Geranyl acetate | 1316 | 1312 | 4.85 |
11 | Neryl acetate | 1352 | 1350 | - |
12 | Caryophyllene | 1365 | 1359 | 3.83 |
1419 | 1417 | |||
Total identified (%) | 96.84 |
Treatment | Conc. (μL/L) | Mortality (%) ± SD at 24 h | LC50 a (LCL-UCL) | LC90 a (LCL-UCL) | Regression | χ2 b (d.f. = 4) | R2 c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lemongrass EO | 0.14 0.16 | 0 e * 3.3 ± 2.9 e | 0.328 (0.222–0.391) | 0.595 (0.524–0.720) | y = 4.8167x − 0.655 | 3.685 n.s | 0.982 |
0.18 | 30.0 ± 5.0 d | ||||||
0.20 | 31.7 ± 5.0 d | ||||||
0.22 | 38.3 ± 7.6 cd | ||||||
Citral | 0.14 0.16 | 6.7 ± 2.9 e 15.0 ± 5.0 e | 0.177 (0.171–0.185) | 0.214 (0.203–0.233) | y = 12.417x − 1.7383 | 32.464 n.s | 0.973 |
0.18 | 48.3 ± 2.9 c | ||||||
0.20 | 80.0 ± 10.0 b | ||||||
0.22 | 98.3 ± 2.9 a |
No. | Wave Number (cm−1) | Functional Group and Vibration Modes | Band Assignment | Control | Citral |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1050 | C–O asym. stretch in phase ring | - | 88.21 | 77.54 |
2 | 1315 | CH2 wagging | Amide III, components of proteins | 91.65 | 82.77 |
3 | 1385 | C–H bend, CH3 sym. Deformation | - | 85.77 | 76.88 |
4 | 1560 | N–H bend, C–N stretch | Amide II | 88.81 | 79.32 |
5 | 1630 | C=O secondary amide stretch | Amide I | 82.92 | 75.05 |
6 | 1656 | C=O secondary amide stretch | Amide I | 93.78 | 75.28 |
7 | 2932 | CH3 sym. stretch and CH2 asym. stretch | Aliphatic compounds | 89.53 | 84.08 |
8 | 3111 | N–H secondary amine asym. stretch | Amide II | 88.46 | 81.86 |
9 | 3440 | O–H hydroxyl stretching | - | 68.31 | 64.70 |
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Jin, C.; Han, H.; Xie, Y.; Li, B.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, D. Toxicity, Behavioral Effects, and Chitin Structural Chemistry of Reticulitermes flaviceps Exposed to Cymbopogon citratus EO and Its Major Constituent Citral. Insects 2022, 13, 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090812
Jin C, Han H, Xie Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Zhang D. Toxicity, Behavioral Effects, and Chitin Structural Chemistry of Reticulitermes flaviceps Exposed to Cymbopogon citratus EO and Its Major Constituent Citral. Insects. 2022; 13(9):812. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090812
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Chunzhe, Hui Han, Yongjian Xie, Baoling Li, Zhilin Zhang, and Dayu Zhang. 2022. "Toxicity, Behavioral Effects, and Chitin Structural Chemistry of Reticulitermes flaviceps Exposed to Cymbopogon citratus EO and Its Major Constituent Citral" Insects 13, no. 9: 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090812