Biogeographical Patterns of Earwigs in Italy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Haas, F. Biodiversity of Dermaptera. In Insect Biodiversity and Society; Foottit, R.G., Adler, P.H., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 315–334. [Google Scholar]
- Fattorini, S. Global patterns of earwig species richness. Diversity 2022, 14, 890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fattorini, S. Historical biogeography of earwigs. Biology 2022, 11, 1794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fontana, P.; Marangoni, F.; Kočárek, P.; Tirello, P.; Giovagnoli, G.; Colacurcio, L. Updated knowledge on Italian Dermaptera with the report of a new alien species: Forficula smyrnensis Audinet-Serville, 1838. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 2021, 97, 261–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haas, F. Earwig Research Centre. Available online: http://www.earwigs-online.de (accessed on 23 March 2021).
- Vigna Taglianti, A. Studi sui Dermatteri. V. Una nuova Chelidurella dell’Appennino meridionale (Dermaptera, Forficulidae). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 1993, 71, 455–465. [Google Scholar]
- Failla, M.C.; Lagreca, M.; Lombardo, F.; Messinaa, A.; Scali, V.; Stefani, R.; Vigna Taglianti, A. Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Embioptera. In Checklist delle Specie della Fauna Italiana, 36; Minelli, A., Ruffo, S., La Posta, S., Eds.; Edizioni Calderini: Bologna, Italy, 1994; pp. 1–23. [Google Scholar]
- Vigna Taglianti, A. Aspetti zoogeografici del popolamento italiano dei Dermatteri. Atti della Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia Rendiconti 1994, 39–41, 97–119. [Google Scholar]
- Galvagni, A. Contributo alla conoscenza del genere Chelidurella Verhoeff, 1902, in Italia e territori limitrofi (Insecta Dermaptera). Atti della Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati 1997, 7, 5–61. [Google Scholar]
- Vigna Taglianti, A. Note su Anechurinae della fauna appenninica (Dermaptera, Forfi culidae). Boll. Ass. Romana Entomol. 1999, 54, 33–57. [Google Scholar]
- Vigna Taglianti, A. Aggiornamenti alla Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. V. Contributo. Fascicolo 36, Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Embioptera. Ordine Dermaptera. Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 2001, 133, 185–186. [Google Scholar]
- Fontana, P.; Buzzetti, F.M.; Tollis, P.; Vigna Taglianti, A. The Orthopteroid insects of the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park and surrounding localities (Central Apennine, S Italy) (Blattaria, Mantodea, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 2004, 82, 557–614. [Google Scholar]
- Vigna Taglianti, A. Insecta Dermaptera. In Checklist and Distribution of the Italian Fauna. 10,000 Terrestrial and Freshwater Species; Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 2° serie, Sez. Scienze della Vita; Ruffo, S., Stoch, F., Eds.; Comune di Verona: Verona, Italy, 2007; pp. 141–142. [Google Scholar]
- Vigna Taglianti, A. Dermatteri della Riserva Naturale “Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto” (Liguria, Genova) (Dermaptera). Boll. Ass. Romana Entomol. 2009, 64, 91–97. [Google Scholar]
- Vigna Taglianti, A. I Dermatteri di Sardegna (Dermaptera). In Biodiversity of Marganai and Montimannu (Sardinia). Research in the Framework of the ICP Forests Network; Nardi, G., Whitmore, D., Bardiani, M., Birtele, D., Mason, F., Spada, L., Cerretti, P., Eds.; Cierre Edizioni: Sommacampagna, Italy; pp. 269–285.
- Kirstová, M.; Kundrata, R.; Kočárek, P. Molecular phylogeny and classification of Chelidurella Verhoeff, stat. restit. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Insect Syst. Evol. 2020, 52, 335–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fontana, P.; Pedrazzoli, F.; Malagnini, V.; Ruzzier, E.; Marangoni, F.; Kočárek, P. Toward a revision of the genus Chelidura Latreille, 1825: Designation of the Neotype for Chelidura aptera (Megerle in Charpentier, 1825) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 2021, 97, 279–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Médail, F.; Myers, N. Mediterranean Basin. In Hotspots Revisited: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions; Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Eds.; CEMEX: Agrupación Sierra Madre, Mexico, 2004; pp. 144–147. [Google Scholar]
- Birdlife International. Ecosystem Profile. Mediterranean Basin Biodiversity Hotspot. Available online: https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/mediterranean-basin-2017-ecosystem-profile-english_0.pdf (accessed on 31 December 2022).
- Dapporto, L.; Habel, J.C.; Dennis, R.L.H.; Schmitt, T. The biogeography of the western Mediterranean: Elucidating contradictory distribution patterns of differentiation in Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2011, 103, 571–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fattorini, S.; Ulrich, W. Drivers of species richness in European Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Acta Oecol. 2012, 36, 255–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fattorini, S. Tenebrionid beetle distributional patterns in Italy: Multiple colonization trajectories in a biogeographical crossroad. Insect Conserv. Divers. 2014, 7, 144–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitt, T.; Fritz, U.; Delfino, M.; Ulrich, W.; Habel, J.C. Biogeography of Italy revisited: Genetic lineages confirm major phylogeographic patterns and a pre-Pleistocene origin of its biota. Front. Zool. 2021, 18, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fattorini, S. Odonate diversity patterns in Italy disclose intricate colonization pathways. Biology 2022, 11, 886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hawkins, B.A.; Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. ‘Latitude’ and geographic patterns in species richness. Ecography 2004, 27, 268–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pianka, E.R. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: A review of concepts. Am. Nat. 1966, 100, 33–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rohde, K. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: The search for the primary cause. Oikos 1992, 65, 514–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Willig, M.R.; Kaufman, D.M.; Stevens, R.D. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2003, 34, 273–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashton, K.G. Are ecological and evolutionary rules being dismissed prematurely? Divers. Distrib. 2001, 7, 289–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hillebrand, H. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Am. Nat. 2004, 163, 192–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cancello, E.M.; Silva, R.R.; Vasconcellos, A.; Reis, Y.T.; Oliveira, L.M. Latitudinal variation in termite species richness and abundance along the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. Biotropica 2014, 46, 441–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lomolino, M.V.; Riddle, B.R.; Whittaker, R.J.; Brown, J.H. Biogeography, 4th ed.; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Schemske, D.W.; Mittelbach, G.G. “Latitudinal gradients in species diversity”: Reflections on Pianka’s 1966 article and a look forward. Am. Nat. 2017, 189, 599–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinlock, N.L.; Prowant, L.; Herstoff, E.M.; Foley, C.M.; Akin-Fajiye, M.; Bender, N.; Umarani, M.; Ryu, H.Y.; Sen, H.Y.; Gurevitch, J.; et al. Explaining global variation in the latitudinal diversity gradient: Meta-analysis confirms known patterns and uncovers new ones. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2018, 27, 125–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaugrand, G.; Kirby, R.; Goberville, E. The mathematical influence on global patterns of biodiversity. Ecol. Evol. 2020, 10, 6494–6511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cushman, J.; Lawton, J.; Manly, B. Latitudinal patterns in European ant assemblages: Variation in species richness and body size. Oecologia 1993, 95, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baselga, A. Determinants of species richness, endemism and turnover in European longhorn beetles. Ecography 2008, 31, 263–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuldt, A.; Assmann, T. Environmental and historical effects on richness and endemism patterns of carabid beetles in the western Palaearctic. Ecography 2009, 32, 705–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ulrich, W.; Fiera, C. Environmental correlates of species richness of European springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola). Acta Oecol. 2009, 35, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bąkowski, M.; Ulrich, W.; Laštůvka, Z. Environmental correlates of species richness of Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) in Europe. Eur. J. Entomol. 2010, 107, 563–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fattorini, S.; Baselga, A. Species richness and turnover patterns in European tenebrionid beetles. Insect Conserv. Divers. 2012, 5, 331–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battisti, C. ‘Peninsula effect’ and Italian peninsula: Matherials for a review and implications in applied biogeography. Biogeographia 2006, 27, 153–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Battisti, C. Peninsular patterns in biological diversity: Historical arrangement, methodological approaches and causal processes. J. Nat. Hist. 2014, 48, 43–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keddy, P.; Laughlin, D. A Framework for Community Ecology: Species Pools, Filters and Traits; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Hubbell, S.P. The Unified Theory of Biogeography and Biodiversity; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Baroni Urbani, C.; Ruffo, S.; Vigna Taglianti, A. Materiali per una biogeogeografia italiana fondata su alcuni generi di Coleotteri Cicindelidi, Carabidi e Crisomelidi. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 1978, 56, 35–92. [Google Scholar]
- Konvicka, M.; Fric, Z.; Benes, J. Butterfly extinctions in European states: Do socioeconomic conditions matter more than physical geography? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2006, 15, 82–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dapporto, L.; Dennis, R.L.H. Conservation biogeography of large Mediterranean islands. Butterfly impoverishment, conservation priorities and inferences for an ecological island paradigm. Ecography 2009, 32, 169–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dennis, R.L.H.; Williams, W.R.; Shreeve, T.G. A multivariate approach to the determination of faunal units among European butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 1991, 101, 1–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keil, P.; Hawkins, B.A. Grids versus regional species lists: Are broad-scale patterns of species richness robust to the violation of constant grain size? Biodiv. Conserv. 2009, 18, 3127–3137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinkert, S.; Barve, V.; Guralnick, R.; Jetz, W. Global geographical and latitudinal variation in butterfly species richness captured through a comprehensive country-level occurrence database. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2022, 31, 830–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hortal, J. Uncertainty and the measurement of terrestrial biodiversity gradients. J. Biogeogr. 2008, 35, 1202–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heino, J.; Alahuhta, J.; Fattorini, S.; Schmera, D. Predicting beta diversity of terrestrial and aquatic beetles using ecogeographical variables: Insights from the replacement and richness difference components. J. Biogeogr. 2019, 46, 304–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Albouy, V.; Caussanel, C. Dermaptères ou Perce-Oreilles. Faune de France 75; Fédération Française des Societés de Sciences Naturelles: Paris, France, 1990; pp. 1–245. [Google Scholar]
- Kočárek, P. First record of Guanchia obtusangula from Slovenia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Acta Entomologica Slovenica 2005, 13, 165–167. [Google Scholar]
- Kočárek, P.; Galvagni, A. Species of Chelidurella (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in the territory of the Czech Republic. Klapalekiana 2000, 36, 89–92. [Google Scholar]
- Haas, F. Fauna Europaea: Dermaptera. Available online: https://fauna-eu.org/ (accessed on 1 October 2021).
- GBIF Secretariat. Dermaptera GBIF Secretariat. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Available online: https://www.gbif.org/species/1224 (accessed on 5 December 2022).
- Baselga, A. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2010, 19, 134–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baselga, A. The relationship between species replacement, dissimilarity derived from nestedness, and nestedness. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2012, 21, 1223–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fattorini, S. Influence of recent geography and paleogeography on the structure of reptile communities in a land-bridge archipelago. J. Herpetol. 2010, 44, 242–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moulpied, M.; Smith, C.H.; Robertson, C.R.; Johnson, N.A.; Lopez, R.; Randklev, C.R. Biogeography of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) in Texas and implications on conservation biology. Divers. Distrib. 2022, 28, 1458–1474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fattorini, S. On the concept of chorotype. J. Biogeogr. 2015, 42, 2246–2251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fattorini, S. A history of chorological categories. Hist. Philos. Life Sci. 2016, 38, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vigna Taglianti, A.; Audisio, P.A.; Biondi, M.; Bologna, M.A.; Carpaneto, G.M.; De Biase, A.; Fattorini, S.; Piattella, E.; Sindaco, R.; Venchi, A.; et al. A proposal for a chorotype classification of the Near East fauna, in the framework of the Western Palearctic region. Biogeographia 1999, 20, 31–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2022. Available online: http://www.r-project.org/ (accessed on 15 March 2022).
- Paradis, E.; Schliep, K. ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 2019, 35, 526–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paradis, E.; Schliep, K. APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ape (accessed on 15 March 2022).
- Hijmans, R.J.; Williams, E.; Vennes, C. Geosphere: Spherical Trigonometry. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=geosphere (accessed on 15 March 2022).
- Bartoń, K. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn (accessed on 15 March 2022).
- Oksanen, J.; Simpson, G.L.; Blanchet, F.G.; Kindt, R.; Legendre, P.; Minchin, P.R.; O’Hara, R.B.; Solymos, P.; Stevens, M.H.H.; Szoecs, E. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (accessed on 20 April 2022).
- Dapporto, L.; Ramazzotti, M.; Fattorini, S.; Talavera, G.; Vila, R.; Dennis, R.L.H. recluster: An unbiased clustering procedure for beta-diversity turnover. Ecography 2013, 36, 1070–1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dapporto, L.; Ramazzotti, M.; Fattorini, S.; Vila, R.; Talavera, G.; Dennis, R.L.H. recluster: Ordination Methods for the Analysis of Beta-Diversity Indices. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=recluster (accessed on 15 March 2022).
- Fattorini, S. Beetle species-area relationships and extinction rates in protected areas. Insects 2020, 11, 646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Massa, B. Il gradiente faunistico nella penisola Italiana e nelle isole. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 1982, 1923, 353–374. [Google Scholar]
- Fratianni, S.; Acquaotta, F. The climate of Italy. In Landscapes and landforms of Italy; Soldati, M., Marchetti, M., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland; pp. 29–38.
- Jurado-Angulo, P.; Jiménez-Ruiz, Y.; García-París, M. The Pyrenean species of Chelidura (Dermaptera, Forficulidae). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 2021, 68, 235–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Parameter | Estimate | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −6.101 | 9.184 | 0.519 |
Full average | |||
Area | 3.619 × 10−5 | 5.741 × 10−5 | 0.541 |
Pmean | 0.019 | 0.005 | <0.001 |
Tmax | 0.143 | 0.181 | 0.441 |
Tmean | 0.048 | 0.129 | 0.715 |
Latitude | −0.047 | 0.479 | 0.755 |
Conditional average | |||
Area | 9.896 × 10−5 | 5.291 × 10−5 | 0.089 |
Pmean | 0.019 | 0.005 | <0.001 |
Tmax | 0.306 | 0.141 | 0.048 |
Tmean | 0.305 | 0.165 | 0.092 |
Latitude | −0.379 | 0.243 | 0.118 |
Matrix Correlation | Biogeographical Distances | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Matrix A × Matrix B | Matrix C (Controlling) | Sørensen (βsor) | Simpson (βsim) | Nestedness (βnest) | |||
r | p | r | p | r | p | ||
Climatic distances | Centroids | 0.380 | 0.052 | 0.249 | 0.108 | 0.107 | 0.261 |
Centroids | Climatic distances | 0.376 | 0.004 | 0.299 | 0.017 | −0.002 | 0.555 |
Adjacent Areas | Sørensen Index | Sørensen Index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | |
Western Europe | 0.102 | 0.698 | −0.108 | 0.680 |
Central Europe | 0.558 | 0.020 | 0.334 | 0.191 |
Eastern Europe | 0.076 | 0.773 | −0.303 | 0.581 |
Northern Africa | −0.476 | 0.054 | −0.252 | 0.332 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fattorini, S. Biogeographical Patterns of Earwigs in Italy. Insects 2023, 14, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030235
Fattorini S. Biogeographical Patterns of Earwigs in Italy. Insects. 2023; 14(3):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030235
Chicago/Turabian StyleFattorini, Simone. 2023. "Biogeographical Patterns of Earwigs in Italy" Insects 14, no. 3: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030235