Sub-Lethal Effects of Pirimiphos-Methyl Are Expressed to Different Levels in Wings of Three Stored-Product Coleopterans: A Geometric Morphometrics Investigation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Insecticide Bioassays
2.3. Wing Dissection, Preparation, and Taking Photos
2.4. Wing Digitalization and Geometric Morphometrics
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | |||
---|---|---|---|
Exposure | Tenebrio molitor | Prostephanus truncatus | Rhyzopertha dominica |
Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
30 min | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
3 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
5 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
8 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
16 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
24 h | 10.0 ± 5.6 | 10.0 ± 5.6 | 10.0 ± 5.6 |
36 h | 23.3 ± 7.9 | 16.7 ± 6.9 | 20.0 ± 7.4 |
Species | |||
---|---|---|---|
Exposure | Tenebrio molitor | Prostephanus truncatus | Rhyzopertha dominica |
Control | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
35 min | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
3 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
5 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
8 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
16 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
24 h | 22.2 ± 8.2 | 18.5 ± 7.6 | 22.2 ± 8.2 |
36 h | 30.4 ± 9.8 | 32.0 ± 9.5 | 29.2 ± 9.5 |
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Boukouvala, M.C.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Žikić, V.; Stanković, S.S.; Ilić Milošević, M.; Skourti, A.; Lazarević, M. Sub-Lethal Effects of Pirimiphos-Methyl Are Expressed to Different Levels in Wings of Three Stored-Product Coleopterans: A Geometric Morphometrics Investigation. Insects 2023, 14, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050430
Boukouvala MC, Kavallieratos NG, Žikić V, Stanković SS, Ilić Milošević M, Skourti A, Lazarević M. Sub-Lethal Effects of Pirimiphos-Methyl Are Expressed to Different Levels in Wings of Three Stored-Product Coleopterans: A Geometric Morphometrics Investigation. Insects. 2023; 14(5):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050430
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoukouvala, Maria C., Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, Vladimir Žikić, Saša S. Stanković, Marijana Ilić Milošević, Anna Skourti, and Maja Lazarević. 2023. "Sub-Lethal Effects of Pirimiphos-Methyl Are Expressed to Different Levels in Wings of Three Stored-Product Coleopterans: A Geometric Morphometrics Investigation" Insects 14, no. 5: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050430