Tribe Acalyptaini (Hemiptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) Revisited: Can Apomorphies in Secondary and Tertiary Structures of 18S rRNA Length-Variable Regions (LVRs) Support Tribe Validity?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Taxa
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. PCR Amplification, Purification and Sequencing
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Reconstruction of Secondary Structures
2.6. Prediction of Tertiary Structures
2.7. Morpho-Molecular Structures Potentially Serving as Apomorphies
3. Results
3.1. Sequence Analysis and Tree Topology
3.2. Secondary Structure Models
3.3. Tertiary Structure Models
4. Discussion
4.1. 18S rRNA Secondary and Tertiary Structures of Tingidae
4.2. Potential Apomorphies in Secondary and Tertiary Structures of LVRs
4.3. Identity and Systematic Position of the Tribe Acaltyptaini within the Subfamily Tinginae
5. Conclusions
- The results of the present molecular analyses (phylogenetic and structural) validated the recognition of the tribe Acalyptaini within the subfamily Tinginae.
- The monophyly of the subfamily Cantacaderinae and its basal position within the family Tingidae were indicated, as well as the position of the tribe Litadeini as sister to all other Tinginae.
- The structural analysis of the predicted tertiary structures of the entire 18S rRNA confirmed the proposed hypothesis that the in vivo configuration of this gene is likely not predictable using only secondary structure models and existing software. However, this may result from small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) activities that can affect changes in the tertiary structures of ribosomal genes.
- The results showed that two LVRs (LVR X and LVR L) of the hypervariable region V4 exhibited significant variability in the number of nucleotides and could be considered for apomorphic recognition.
- LVR L appeared to be the most appropriate for phylogenetic relationship analysis within the family Tingidae when considering the secondary and tertiary structure models suitable for identifying morpho-molecular apomorphies.
- The subfamily Cantacaderinae exhibited the highest number of morpho-molecular autapomorphies in the secondary and tertiary structures of the 18S rRNA. In particular, the absence of the entire subregion LB in this subfamily is the first example of such an extensive deletion in the 18S rDNA sequence in Heteroptera.
- The tertiary structure of the 18S rRNA exhibited evolutionary properties, which were not detectable in the primary or secondary structures. Therefore, the results of rRNA tertiary structure analyses for phylogenetic considerations are promising. Therefore, including the methods of rRNA tertiary structure analyses in the phylogenetic evaluations in other groups of Heteroptera is strongly suggested.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxon Group | Consensus Species | Number of Nucleotides | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
V2 | V4 | V7 | ||
Outgroup | Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze, 1778) | 198 | 317 | 91 |
Tinginae: Acalyptaini | Acalypta sauteri (Drake, 1942) | 200 | 321 | 90 |
Tinginae: Litadeini | Nobarnus signatus (Distant, 1920) | 202 | 323 | 90 |
Tinginae: Tingini | Tingis matsumurai (Takeya, 1962) | 200 | 320 | 90 |
Cantacaderinae | Cantacader lethierryi (Scott, 1874) | 199 | 299 | 90 |
Taxon Group | Number of Nucleotides | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | D | E | F | G | L | M | S | T | U | R | W | X | |
outgroup | 12 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 60–78 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 6 |
Tinginae: Acalyptaini | 11 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 79 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 3–4 |
Tinginae: Litadeini | 11 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 81 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 6 |
Tinginae: Tingini | 11 | 5 | 4–5 | 5 | 0 | 63–79 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 5–6 |
Cantacaderinae | 11 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 57 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
Taxon Group | Consensus Species | Total Length | Number of Nucleotides of the LVR L Subregions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L2 | LA (A1 + A2) | LB (B1 + B2) | LC (C1 + C2) | LD (D1 + D2) | LE (E1 + E2) | |||
outgroup | Adelphocoris lineolatus | 74 | 4 | 18 (9 + 9) | 19 (10 + 9) | 7 (3 + 4) | 11 (6 + 5) | 15 (8 +7) |
Acalyptaini | Acalypta sauteri | 79 | 4 | 19 (10 + 9) | 21 (11+ 10) | 8 (4 + 4) | 10 (5 + 5) | 16 (8 + 8) |
Litadeini | Nobarnus signatus | 81 | 4 | 19 (10 + 9) | 24 (13 + 11) | 8 (4 + 4) | 10 (5 + 5) | 16 (8 + 8) |
Tingini | Tingis matsumurai | 78 | 5 | 19 (10 + 9) | 22 (11 + 11) | 8 (3 + 5) | 10 (6 + 4) | 14 (7 + 7) |
Cantacaderinae | Cantacader lethierryi | 57 | 4 | 18 (9 + 9) | 0 | 12 (7 + 5) | 14 (7 + 7) | 9 (4 + 5) |
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Lis, B.; Domagała, P.J.; Lis, J.A. Tribe Acalyptaini (Hemiptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) Revisited: Can Apomorphies in Secondary and Tertiary Structures of 18S rRNA Length-Variable Regions (LVRs) Support Tribe Validity? Insects 2023, 14, 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070600
Lis B, Domagała PJ, Lis JA. Tribe Acalyptaini (Hemiptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) Revisited: Can Apomorphies in Secondary and Tertiary Structures of 18S rRNA Length-Variable Regions (LVRs) Support Tribe Validity? Insects. 2023; 14(7):600. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070600
Chicago/Turabian StyleLis, Barbara, Paweł J. Domagała, and Jerzy A. Lis. 2023. "Tribe Acalyptaini (Hemiptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) Revisited: Can Apomorphies in Secondary and Tertiary Structures of 18S rRNA Length-Variable Regions (LVRs) Support Tribe Validity?" Insects 14, no. 7: 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070600