Chemical Components of Dufour’s and Venom Glands in Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Ants and Dissection
2.2. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Components of Dufour’s Gland Secretions
3.2. Chemical Composition of Venom Gland Secretions
4. Discussion
4.1. The Components and Function of Dufour’s Gland in Camponotus Ants
4.2. The Components and Function of the Venom Gland in C. japonicus
4.3. The Volatile Secretions and Functional Adaptability of Dufour’s and Venom Gland in the Original Worker
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E.O. The Ants; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Billen, J. Signal variety and communication in social insects. Proc. Neth. Entomol. Soc. Meet. 2006, 17, 9–25. [Google Scholar]
- Billen, J. Functional morphology and diversity of exocrine glands in ants. In Proceedings of the Tenth ANeT (Network for the study of Asian Ants), Network for the Study of Asiant Ants, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 23–26 October 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Billen, J.; Šobotník, J. Insect exocrine glands. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 2015, 44, 399–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitra, A. Function of the Dufour’s gland in solitary and social Hymenoptera. J. Hymenopt. Res. 2013, 35, 33–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ritter, F.J.; Brüggemann-Rotgans, I.E.M.; Verwiel, P.E.J.; Persoons, C.J.; Talman, E. Trail pheromone of the Pharaoh’s ant, Monomorium pharaonis: Isolation and identification of faranal, a terpenoid related to juvenile hormone II. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 30, 17–18. [Google Scholar]
- Lanne, B.S.; Bergström, G.; Löfqvist, J. Dufour gland alkenes from the four ant species: F. polyctena, F. lugubris, F. truncorum, and F. uralensis. Comp. Biochem. Phys. 1988, 91B, 729–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bestmann, H.J.; Janssen, E.; Kern, F.; Liepold, B.; Hölldobler, B.; Boveri, T. All-trans geranylgeranyl acetate and geranylgeraniol, recruitment pheromone components in the Dufour gland of the ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum: Pheromones, 100. Naturwissenschaften 1995, 82, 334–336. [Google Scholar]
- Blatrix, R.; Schulz, C.; Jaisson, P.; Francke, W.; Hefetz, A. Trail pheromone of ponerine ant Gnamptogenys striatula: 4-methylgeranyl esters from Dufour’s gland. J. Chem. Ecol. 2002, 28, 2557–2567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Billen, J.; Morgan, E.D.; Drijfhout, F.; Farmier, K. Unusual structural and chemical characteristics of the Dufour gland in the ant Meranoplus diversus. Physiol. Entomol. 2009, 34, 93–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mekonnen, B.; Cheseto, X.; Pirk, C.; Yusuf, A.; Torto, B. Re-analysis of abdominal gland volatilome secretions of the African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda (hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecules 2021, 26, 871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hefetz, A.; Lenoir, A. Dufour’s gland composition in the desert ant Cataglyphis: Species specificity and population differences. Z. Naturforsch. 1992, 47c, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, L.D.; Klotz, J.H. Carpenter Ants of the United States and Canada; Cornell University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2005; pp. 29–30. [Google Scholar]
- Ayre, G.L.; Blum, M.S. Attraction and alarm of ants (Camponotus spp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by pheromones. Physiol. Zool. 1971, 44, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergström, G.; Löfqvist, J. Camponotus ligniperda Latr. a model for the composite volatile secretions of Dufour’s gland in formicine ants. Int. Iupac Congr. Pestic. Chem. 1972, 3, 195–223. [Google Scholar]
- Bergström, G.; Löfqvist, J. Similarities between the Dufour gland secretions of the ants Camponotus ligniperda (Latr.) and Camponotus herculeanus (L.) (Hym.). Insect Syst. Evol. 1972, 3, 225–238. [Google Scholar]
- Brophy, J.J.; Cavill, G.W.K.; Shannon, J.S. Venom and Dufour’s gland secretions in an Australian species of Camponotus. J. Insect Physiol. 1973, 19, 791–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wenjing, X.; Guoyun, Z.; Liangliang, Z.; Xiaolei, W.; Billen, J.; Hong, H. Morphology and ultrastructure of the prepharyngeal and pharyngeal glands in the ant Camponotus japonicus. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 2022, 71, 101212. [Google Scholar]
- Hayashi, N.; Komae, H. Components of the ant secretions. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1980, 8, 293–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hefetz, A.; Orion, T. Pheromones of ants of Israel. I: The alarm-defense system of some larger Formicidae. Israel J. Entomol. 1982, 16, 87–97. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, M.F.; Attygalle, A.B.; Billen, J.P.J.; Morgan, E.D. Contents of Dufour glands in some formicine ants: Queens and workers of Camponotus aethiops and a re-examination of Lasius fuliginosus. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1988, 46, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, M.F.; Billen, J.P.J.; Jackson, B.D.; Morgan, E.D. Secretion of the Dufour glands of two African desert ants, Camponotus aegyptiacus and Cataglyphis savignyi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1988, 16, 647–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagnères, A.G.; Morgan, E.D.; Clement, J.L. Species-specific secretions of the Dufour glands of three species of formicine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1991, 19, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haak, U.; Hölldobler, B.; Bestmann, H.J.; Kern, F. Species-specificity in trail pheromones and Dufour gland contents of Camponotus atriceps and C. floridanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Chemoecology 1996, 7, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kohl, E.; Hölldobler, B.; Bestmann, H.J. Trail and recruitment pheromones in Camponotus socius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Chemoecology 2001, 11, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kohl, E.; Hölldobler, B.; Bestmann, H.J. Trail pheromones and Dufour gland contents in three Camponotus species (C. castaneus, C. balzani, C. sericeiventris: Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Chemoecology 2003, 13, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujiwara-Tsujii, N.; Yamagata, N.; Takeda, T.; Mizunami, M.; Yamaoka, R. Behavioral responses to the alarm pheromone of the ant Camponotus obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zool. Sci. 2006, 23, 353–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Wang, C.L. The Ants of China; China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1995.
- Chen, J.; Cantrell, C.L.; Shang, H.W.; Rojas, M.G. Piperideine alkaloids from the poison gland of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2009, 57, 3128–3133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lex, A.; Gehlenborg, N.; Strobelt, H.; Vuillemot, R.; Pfister, H. Upset: Visualization of intersecting sets. Vis. Comput. Graph. IEEE Trans. 2014, 20, 1983–1992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lenz, E.L.; Krasnec, M.O.; Breed, M.D. Identification of undecane as an alarm pheromone of the ant Formica argentea. J. Insect Behav. 2013, 26, 101–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walter, F.; Fletcher, D.J.C.; Chautems, D.; Cherix, D.; Keller, L.; Francke, W.; Fortelius, W.; Rosengren, R.; Vargo, E.L. Identification of the sex pheromone of an ant, Formica lugubris (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften 1993, 80, 30–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Billen, J.; Morgan, E.D. Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Sources and Secretions; Westview Press: Boulder, CO, USA; Oxford, UK, 1998; pp. 3–33. [Google Scholar]
- Tragust, S.; Herrmann, C.; Hfner, J.; Braasch, R.; Feldhaar, H. Formicine ants swallow their highly acidic poison for gut microbial selection and control. eLife 2020, 9, e60287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.; Zhang, X.F.; Gao, Y.L.; Chen, D.; She, D.M.; Zhang, T.; Ning, J. Male-produced aggregation pheromone of coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus. J. Chem. Ecol. 2017, 43, 978–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, H.; Liu, Z.; Li, J.; Nie, S.; Pan, W. Effects of isopropyl palmitate on the skin permeation of drugs. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 2324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Compound | CAS Number | Molecular Formula | p-Value | Retention Index | Identification Standard | CN | Relative Percentage (%) of Each Compound | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minor Worker | Major Worker | Gyne | Queen | |||||||
Alkane | ||||||||||
n-Decane | 124-18-5 | C10H22 | 0.3276 | 1000 | KI & S & ms | 1 | 6.38 a | 6.17 a | 2.85 a | 4.91 a |
n-Undecane | 1120-21-4 | C11H24 | 0.4891 | 1100 | KI & S & ms | 2 | 84.17 a | 87.82 a | 86.78 a | 77.41 a |
n-Dodecane | 112-40-3 | C12H26 | 0.0337 | 1200 | KI & S & ms | 3 | 0.66 ab | 0.53 a | 0.59 a | 0.36 b |
n-Tridecane | 629-50-5 | C13H28 | 0.1878 | 1300 | KI & S & ms | 4 | 6.81 ab | 4.65 ab | 8.39 a | 3.76 b |
n-Pentadecane | 629-62-9 | C15H32 | <0.0001 | 1500 | KI & S & ms | 5 | 1.76 b | 0.77 b | 1.29 b | 13.22a |
Alkene | ||||||||||
8-Heptadecene | 2579-04-6 | C17H34 | 0.0605 | 1681 | KI & ms | 6 | 0.23 ab | 0.07 b | 0.1 ab | 0.34 a |
CAS Number | Molecular Formula | p-Value | RI | IS | CN | Quantity (ng)/Relative Percentage (%) of Each Compound | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original Worker | Minor Worker | Major Worker | Gyne | Queen | |||||||
Acids | |||||||||||
(Z)-13-Octadecenoic acid | 13126-39-1 | C18H34O2 | 0.1324 | 3058 | ms | 16.38/0.35 a | 11.46/0.19 ab | 8.64/0.18 b | 6.34/0.09 b | 5.97/0.34 b | |
11-Octadecenoic acid | 506-17-2 | C18H34O2 | 0.2619 | 3152 | ms | 12 | 93.7/2.01 a | 181.55/3.03 a | 169.9/3.45 a | 91.4/1.28 a | 9.31/0.53 a |
(Z)-9-Hexadecenoic acid | 373-49-9 | C16H30O2 | 0.3160 | 2963 | ms | 13.25/0.28 a | 9.22/0.15 a | 7.12/0.14 a | 4.71/0.07 a | 4.29/0.25 a | |
Alcohol | |||||||||||
n-Heptadecan-1-ol | 1454-85-9 | C17H36O | 0.0333 | 1892 | ms | 6 | 76.03/1.63 a | 4.55/0.08 b | 3.58/0.07 b | 0.9/0.01 b | 0/b |
n-Nonadecan-1-ol | 1454-84-8 | C19H40O | 0.0288 | 2156 | KI & ms | 8 | 249.27/5.35 a | 6.14/0.10 b | 0/b | 0/b | 0/b |
(E)-Geranylgeraniol | 24034-73-9 | C20H34O | 0.1628 | 2488 | ms | 9 | 21.33/0.46 ab | 17.03/0.28 ab | 0/b | 16.22/0.23 a | 0.89/0.05 b |
Hexadecan-1-ol | 36653-82-4 | C16H34O | 0.0242 | 1891 | ms | 4.7/0.10 b | 3.19/0.05 b | 3.4/0.07 b | 8.47/0.12 a | 0/b | |
2-octyl-Dodecan-1-ol | 5333-42-6 | C20H42O | 0.0128 | 3029 | ms | 14.44/0.31 a | 7.97/0.13 b | 5.97/0.12 b | 5.4/0.08 b | 5.26/0.30 a | |
(Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol | 40642-40-8 | C12H24O | <0.001 | 1674 | ms | 0/b | 1.05/0.02 b | 4.13/0.08 ab | 0/a | 0/b | |
Alkane | |||||||||||
n-Decane | 124-18-5 | C10H22 | 0.0226 | 1000 | KI & S & ms | 1 | 19.14/0.41 ab | 73.52/1.23 a | 47.71/0.97 ab | 67.52/0.95 a | 6.09/0.35 b |
n-Dodecane | 112-40-3 | C12H26 | 0.1802 | 1200 | KI & S & ms | 3 | 98.63/2.12 b | 339.81/5.67 a | 238.58/4.84 ab | 218.78/3.07 ab | 113.19/6.47 ab |
n-Heptadecane | 629-78-7 | C17H36 | 0.1665 | 1700 | KI & S & ms | 5 | 30.32/0.65 a | 78.56/1.31 a | 68.14/1.38 a | 32.34/0.45 a | 27.84/1.59 a |
n-Nonadecane | 629-92-5 | C19H40 | 0.0903 | 1900 | KI & S & ms | 7.9/0.17 ab | 5.15/0.09 a | 4/0.08 ab | 1.08/0.02 ab | 0/b | |
n-Octadecane | 593-45-3 | C18H38 | 0.0024 | 1800 | KI & S & ms | 11.98/0.26 a | 4.13/0.07 b | 0/b | 0.96/0.01 b | 1.84/0.11 b | |
n-Tritriacontane | 630-05-7 | C33H68 | 0.6228 | 3300 | KI & S & ms | 15.83/0.34 a | 13.96/0.23 a | 10.64/0.22 a | 10.42/0.15 a | 10.22/0.58 a | |
n-Pentadecane | 629-62-9 | C15H32 | 0.0282 | 1500 | KI & S & ms | 4 | 54.55/1.17 b | 220.14/3.67 a | 179.76/3.65 ab | 67.12/0.94 b | 43.83/2.51 b |
n-Tetratriacontane | 14167-59-0 | C34H70 | <0.001 | 3400 | KI & S & ms | 17.39/0.37 a | 14.23/0.24 ab | 11.4/0.23 b | 10.63/0.15 b | 10.51/0.60 b | |
n-Undecane | 1120-21-4 | C11H24 | 0.0747 | 1100 | KI & S & ms | 2 | 1982.52/42.59 b | 4613.94/77.01 ab | 4007.82/81.35ab | 6457.91/90.54 a | 1394.24/79.70 b |
2-methyl-Octadecane | 1560-88-9 | C19H40 | 0.0335 | 2596 | ms | 8.58/0.18 ab | 5.37/0.09 a | 3.08/0.06 bc | 2.79/0.04 bc | 2.57/0.15 c | |
3-methyl-Undecane | 1002-43-3 | C12H26 | 0.0235 | 1171 | ms | 0/a | 3.15/0.05 a | 3.17/0.06 a | 3.71/0.05 a | 5.33/0.30 a | |
7-hexyl-Eicosane | 55333-99-8 | C26H54 | 0.1315 | 3126 | ms | 15.2/0.33 a | 10.99/0.18 b | 8.37/0.17 c | 7.74/0.11 c | 7.56/0.43 c | |
8-hexyl-Pentadecane | 13475-75-7 | C21H44 | 0.0477 | 3437 | ms | 18.46/0.40 a | 13.81/0.23 b | 11.05/0.22 b | 10.15/0.14 b | 9.64/0.55 b | |
Alkene | |||||||||||
Squalene | 111-02-4 | C30H50 | <0.001 | 2921 | S & ms | 11 | 1427.94/30.67 a | 228.08/3.81 b | 24.17/0.49 b | 39.28/0.55 b | 41.61/2.38 b |
1-Undecene | 821-95-4 | C11H22 | 0.1730 | 1093 | ms | 0/b | 2.2/0.04 a | 0/b | 3.21/0.04 a | 0/b | |
8-Heptadecene | 2579-04-6 | C17H34 | 0.0311 | 1681 | KI & ms | 5.03/0.11 a | 35.23/0.59 a | 54.1/1.10 a | 14.02/0.20 a | 12.65/0.72 a | |
9-Nonadecene | 31035-07-1 | C19H38 | 0.3622 | 1877 | ms | 4.82/0.10 a | 3.06/0.05 a | 2.05/0.04 a | 0.95/0.01 a | 0/b | |
Ester | |||||||||||
Octadecyl acetate | 822-23-1 | C20H40O2 | 0.0365 | 2315 | ms | 5.33/0.11 a | 3.54/0.06 ab | 0/b | 5.33/0.07 a | 0/b | |
Hexadecyl dodecanoate | 20834-06-4 | C28H56O2 | 0.0695 | 3075 | ms | 14.36/0.31 a | 11.2/0.19 a | 7.46/0.15 a | 8.43/0.12 a | 5.66/0.32 a | |
Hexadecyl 2-ethylhexanoate | 59130-69-7 | C24H48O2 | 0.0022 | 2539 | ms | 21.41/0.46 a | 5.41/0.09 b | 2.83/0.06 b | 4.55/0.06 b | 3.14/0.18 b | |
Isopropyl hexadecanoate | 142-91-6 | C19H38O2 | <0.001 | 2126 | ms | 7 | 323.83/6.96 a | 24.66/0.41 b | 11.86/0.24 b | 8.27/0.12 b | 9.3/0.53 b |
Quantities in total (ng) | 4572.32 | 5952.3 | 4898.93 | 7108.63 | 1730.94 |
Compound | CAS Number | Molecular Formula | p-Value | RI | IS | CN | Relative Percentage (%) of Each Compound | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original Worker | Minor Worker | Major Worker | Gyne | Queen | |||||||
Acid | |||||||||||
Formic acid | 64-18-6 | CH2O2 | <0.0001 | S & ms | 1 | 99.06 d | 99.11 c | 95.07 ab | 99.06 b | 90.96 a | |
Hexanoic acid | 142-62-1 | C6H12O2 | 0.1485 | 981 | ms | 4 | 0.07 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.03 a |
2,5-dihydroxy-Benzeneacetic acid | 451-13-8 | C8H8O4 | 0.3815 | 1624 | ms | 9 | - a | - a | - a | - a | 0.04 a |
Alcohol | |||||||||||
1-Hexadecanol | 36653-82-4 | C16H34O | 0.1548 | 1891 | ms | 10 | - a | - a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a |
Alkane | |||||||||||
n-Decane | 124-18-5 | C10H22 | 0.2387 | 1000 | KI & S & ms | 5 | - a | - a | - a | - a | 0.01 a |
n-Pentadecane | 629-62-9 | C15H32 | 0.0088 | 1500 | KI & S & ms | 8 | - b | 0.01 b | 0.12 a | 0.05 a | - b |
n-Tridecane | 629-50-5 | C13H28 | 0.0929 | 1300 | KI & S & ms | 7 | - b | 0.02 b | 0.51 a | 0.04 ab | 0.01 b |
n-Undecane | 1120-21-4 | C11H24 | 0.3238 | 1100 | KI & S & ms | 6 | 0.41 a | 0.72 a | 4.11 a | 0.78 a | 0.62 a |
Ketone | |||||||||||
3-Penten-2-one | 625-33-2 | C5H8O | <0.0001 | ms | 3 | 0.45 d | 0.12 cd | 0.18 bc | 0.06 a | 8.33 ab |
CAS Number | Molecular Formula | p-Value | RI | IS | CN | Quantity (ng)/Relative Percentage (%) of Each Compound | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original Worker | Minor Worker | Major Worker | Gyne | Queen | |||||||
Acids | |||||||||||
Pterin-6-carboxylic acid | 948-60-7 | C7H5N5O3 | 0.1427 | 1335 | ms | 5 | 2.83/2.84 a | 1.01/2.72 a | 5.44/3.20 a | 7.03/2.02 a | 3.34/2.20 a |
(Z)-11-Octadecenoic acid | 506-17-2 | C18H34O2 | 0.3271 | 3152 | ms | 17 | 3.93/3.95 c | 4.10/11.01 a | 13.29/7.82 b | 10.06/2.89 c | 8.60/5.66 bc |
Alcohol | |||||||||||
9E-Hexadecen-1-ol | 64437-47-4 | C16H32O | 0.1266 | 1958 | ms | 10 | 3.17/3.19 b | 1.07/2.87 b | 5.23/3.08 b | 26.31/7.56 ab | 28.33/18.64 a |
Hexadecan-1-ol | 36653-82-4 | C16H34O | 0.0681 | 1891 | ms | 9 | 4.00/4.02 ab | 1.05/2.81 b | 5.13/3.02 b | 5.22/1.5 a | 3.13/2.06 ab |
Alkane | |||||||||||
n-Decane | 124-18-5 | C10H22 | 0.0174 | 1000 | KI & S & ms | 2 | 3.20/3.22 c | 1.31/3.52 bc | 15.67/9.22 a | 13.92/4.00 ab | 3.89/2.56 c |
n-Hentriacontane | 630-04-6 | C31H64 | 0.0423 | 3220 | KI & S & ms | 18 | 5.06/5.08 c | 1.40/3.77 bc | 14.92/8.78 abc | 12.11/3.48 a | 9.88/6.50 ab |
n-Pentadecane | 629-62-9 | C15H32 | 0.6784 | 1500 | KI & S & ms | 8 | 2.74/2.75 a | 1.34/3.59 a | 5.17/3.04 a | 6.61/1.90 a | 3.09/2.03 a |
n-Tritriacontane | 630-05-7 | C33H68 | 0.0862 | 3413 | KI & S & ms | 19 | 5.59/5.62 b | 1.47/3.95 ab | 5.73/3.37 ab | 4.38/1.26 a | 3.98/2.62 ab |
n-Undecane | 1120-21-4 | C11H24 | 0.0065 | 1100 | KI & S & ms | 3 | 7.35/7.39 b | 9.48/25.46 b | 13.80/8.12 b | 145.71/41.87 a | 5.78/3.80 b |
2-methyl-Eicosane | 1560-84-5 | C21H44 | 0.0600 | 3001 | ms | 16 | 2.61/2.62 b | 2.55/6.86 b | 12.17/7.16 ab | 21.65/6.22 a | 7.33/4.82 ab |
n-Octadecane | 630-02-4 | C28H58 | 0.0489 | 2800 | KI & S & ms | 14 | 5.31/5.34 c | 1.53/4.12 bc | 10.28/6.05 ab | 13.64/3.92 a | 4.24/2.79 abc |
2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-Heptane | 13475-82-6 | C12H26 | 0.0108 | 988 | ms | 1 | 6.06/6.09 a | 0.93/2.49 b | 10.72/6.31 b | 12.11/3.48 b | 6.11/4.02 a |
n-Tridecane | 629-50-5 | C13H28 | 0.0093 | 1300 | KI & S & ms | 4 | 2.85/2.86 bc | 1.28/3.44 ab | 9.16/5.39 c | 7.24/2.08 a | 5.38/3.54 ab |
8-hexyl-Pentadecane | 13475-75-7 | C21H44 | 0.0463 | 3436 | ms | 20 | 5.25/5.28 c | 1.44/3.88 bc | 5.85/3.44 abc | 3.97/1.14 ab | 4.00/2.63 a |
Alkene | |||||||||||
Squalene | 111-02-4 | C30H50 | 0.0030 | 2921 | S & ms | 15 | 21.65/21.75 a | 2.07/5.56 b | 9.40/5.53 b | 8.28/2.38 b | 37.48/24.66 a |
Ester | |||||||||||
Hexadecyl acetate | 629-70-9 | C18H36O2 | 0.0111 | 2114 | ms | 11 | 3.16/3.18 b | 1.06/2.84 b | 5.83/3.43 b | 25.54/7.34 a | 3.06/2.01 b |
Ketone | |||||||||||
bis-1,1′-(1,4-phenylene) Ethanone | 1009-61-6 | C10H10O2 | 0.2318 | 1482 | ms | 7 | 2.70/2.71 a | 0.98/2.62 a | 5.34/3.14 a | 6.54/1.88 a | 2.99/1.97 a |
Phenol | |||||||||||
2-methyl-1,4-Benzenediol | 95-71-6 | C7H8O2 | 0.3459 | 1371 | ms | 6 | 2.49/2.50 a | 0.95/2.56 a | 5.01/2.95 a | 6.16/1.77 a | 3.18/2.09 a |
Others | |||||||||||
(Z)-9-Octadecenamide | 301-02-0 | C18H35NO | 0.0051 | 2487 | ms | 13 | 4.06/4.08 b | 1.13/3.04 b | 6.39/3.76 b | 6.26/1.80 b | 5.24/3.45 a |
Quantities in total (ng) | 89.50 | 35.02 | 158.09 | 336.09 | 143.32 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xu, W.; Zhao, M.; Tang, L.; Ma, R.; He, H. Chemical Components of Dufour’s and Venom Glands in Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insects 2023, 14, 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070664
Xu W, Zhao M, Tang L, Ma R, He H. Chemical Components of Dufour’s and Venom Glands in Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insects. 2023; 14(7):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070664
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Wenjing, Mengqin Zhao, Lingxiao Tang, Ruoqing Ma, and Hong He. 2023. "Chemical Components of Dufour’s and Venom Glands in Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" Insects 14, no. 7: 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070664