Bugs on Drugs: Paracetamol Exposure Reveals Genotype-Specific Generational Effects on Life History Traits in Drosophila melanogaster
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Specimens
2.2. Experiment I: Paracetamol Dose–Response Experiment
2.3. Experiment II: Generational Effects of Paracetamol
2.4. Fecundity
2.5. Longevity
2.6. Spontaneous Locomotor Activity
2.7. Statistics
2.7.1. Experiment I
2.7.2. Experiment II
3. Results
3.1. Experiment I: Paracetamol Dose–Response Experiment
3.2. Experiment II: Generational Effects of Paracetamol
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fecundity | SqrSumOffspring | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | p-Value |
Dose | 2 | 33 | 16.67 | 5.734 | 0.003 |
Gen | 2 | 132 | 65.79 | 22.628 | <0.001 |
Line | 6 | 694 | 115.66 | 39.782 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen | 4 | 236 | 58.88 | 20.252 | <0.001 |
Dose:Line | 12 | 221 | 18.38 | 6.323 | <0.001 |
Gen:Line | 12 | 812 | 67.66 | 23.271 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen:Line | 24 | 330 | 13.76 | 4.733 | <0.001 |
Observations | 2445 | ||||
R2/R2 adjusted | 0.262/0.243 |
Longevity | SqrDays | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | p-Value |
Dose | 2 | 2.1 | 1.07 | 1.576 | 0.207 |
Gen | 2 | 72.5 | 36.27 | 53.642 | <0.001 |
Line | 6 | 745.4 | 124.24 | 183.744 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen | 4 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 3.552 | 0.007 |
Dose:Line | 12 | 97.6 | 8.14 | 12.035 | <0.001 |
Gen:Line | 12 | 250.6 | 20.88 | 30.883 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen:Line | 23 | 110.5 | 4.8 | 7.103 | <0.001 |
Observations | 3473 | ||||
R2/R2 adjusted | 0.358/0.347 |
Spontaneous Locomotor Activity | Distance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | p-Value |
Dose | 2 | 0.152 | 0.076 | 4.55 | 0.011 |
Gen | 2 | 0.3354 | 0.1677 | 10.04 | <0.001 |
Line | 6 | 15.2625 | 2.5438 | 152.31 | <0.001 |
Age | 1 | 23.9584 | 23.9584 | 1434.56 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen | 4 | 0.3763 | 0.0941 | 5.63 | <0.001 |
Dose:Line | 12 | 0.6415 | 0.0535 | 3.2 | <0.001 |
Gen:Line | 12 | 1.1514 | 0.096 | 5.75 | <0.001 |
Dose:Age | 2 | 0.189 | 0.0945 | 5.66 | 0.004 |
Gen:Age | 2 | 0.6102 | 0.3051 | 18.27 | <0.001 |
Line:Age | 6 | 4.5025 | 0.7504 | 44.93 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen:Line | 24 | 1.4453 | 0.0602 | 3.61 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen:Age | 4 | 0.2706 | 0.0677 | 4.05 | 0.003 |
Dose:Line:Age | 12 | 1.0281 | 0.0857 | 5.13 | <0.001 |
Gen:Line:Age | 12 | 0.938 | 0.0782 | 4.68 | <0.001 |
Dose:Gen:Line:Age | 21 | 2.2027 | 0.1049 | 6.28 | <0.001 |
Random Effects | |||||
ICC | 0.77 | ||||
N ID | 6626 | ||||
Observations | 171628 | ||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.329/0.848 |
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Hundebøl, B.N.R.G.; Rohde, P.D.; Kristensen, T.N.; Jensen, R.W.M.; Vosegaard, T.; Sørensen, J.G. Bugs on Drugs: Paracetamol Exposure Reveals Genotype-Specific Generational Effects on Life History Traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Insects 2024, 15, 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100763
Hundebøl BNRG, Rohde PD, Kristensen TN, Jensen RWM, Vosegaard T, Sørensen JG. Bugs on Drugs: Paracetamol Exposure Reveals Genotype-Specific Generational Effects on Life History Traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Insects. 2024; 15(10):763. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100763
Chicago/Turabian StyleHundebøl, Birk Nete Randlev Gleerup, Palle Duun Rohde, Torsten Nygaard Kristensen, Rune Wittendorff Mønster Jensen, Thomas Vosegaard, and Jesper Givskov Sørensen. 2024. "Bugs on Drugs: Paracetamol Exposure Reveals Genotype-Specific Generational Effects on Life History Traits in Drosophila melanogaster" Insects 15, no. 10: 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100763