Night Warming Has Mixed Effects on the Development of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), in Southern China
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Rearing
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Development Duration
3.2. Survival Rate
3.3. Development of Larvae, Pupae and Adults
3.4. Pupation and Emergence Uniformity
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Source | χ2 | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Egg | Daytime temperature | 45.602 | 2 | p < 0.001 |
Nighttime temperature | 2.304 | 2 | 0.316 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 20.272 | 4 | p < 0.001 | |
Larvae | Daytime temperature | 96.213 | 2 | p < 0.001 |
Nighttime temperature | 28.879 | 2 | p < 0.001 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 37.652 | 4 | p < 0.001 | |
Pupae | Daytime temperature | 112.745 | 2 | p < 0.001 |
Nighttime temperature | 16.002 | 2 | p < 0.001 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 1.011 | 4 | 0.908 | |
Adults | Daytime temperature | 14.083 | 2 | p < 0.01 |
Nighttime temperature | 0.353 | 2 | 0.838 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 9.826 | 4 | p < 0.05 | |
Generation time | Daytime temperature | 169.127 | 2 | p < 0.001 |
Nighttime temperature | 72.711 | 2 | p < 0.001 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 10.934 | 4 | p < 0.05 |
Stage | Source | χ2 | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Larvae | Daytime temperature | 12.626 | 2 | p < 0.01 |
Nighttime temperature | 4.865 | 2 | 0.088 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 1.949 | 4 | 0.745 | |
Pupae | Daytime temperature | 96.651 | 2 | p < 0.001 |
Nighttime temperature | 54.990 | 2 | p < 0.001 | |
Daytime temperature × Nighttime temperature | 12.953 | 4 | p < 0.05 |
Studies | Larvae | Pupae | Generation Time | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C ± S.E. | K ± S.E. | Slope | R2 | C ± S.E. | K ± S.E. | Slope | R2 | C ± S.E. | K ± S.E. | Slope | R2 | |
This study | 9.55 ± 0.66 | 296.88 ± 2.79 | 0.0033 | 0.86 | 13.59 ± 0.68 | 129.13 ± 2.26 | 0.0113 | 0.943 | 8.25 ± 0.99 | 551.89 ± 5.00 | 0.0016 | 0.89 |
Zhang et al., 2020 [26] | 11.11 ± 3.15 | 201.25 ± 6.41 | 0.005 | 0.972 | 11.01 ± 2.17 | 134.12 ± 7.85 | 0.0075 | 0.812 | 9.21 ± 1. 46 | 636.53 ± 7.39 | 0.0016 | 0.986 |
He et al., 2019 [29] | 11.10 ± 0.70 | 211.93 ± 2.55 | 0.005 | 0.948 | 11.92 ± 0.85 | 135.69 ± 3.30 | 0.008 | 0.891 | 9.16 ± 0.64 | 680.02 ± 2.06 | 0.002 | 0.829 |
Du Plessis et al., 2020 [30] | 12.12 ± 0.24 | 202.66 ± 4.45 | 0.0049 | 0.95 | 13.06 ± 0.19 | 150.29 ± 2.79 | 0.0067 | 0.97 | / | / | / | / |
Prasad et al., 2020 1 [31] | 9.74 | 217.39 | 0.0046 | 0.975 | 10.22 | 172.41 | 0.0058 | 0.974 | / | / | / | / |
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Xu, Y.; Chi, H.; Shi, M.; Lu, Z.; Zalucki, M.P. Night Warming Has Mixed Effects on the Development of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), in Southern China. Insects 2024, 15, 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030180
Xu Y, Chi H, Shi M, Lu Z, Zalucki MP. Night Warming Has Mixed Effects on the Development of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), in Southern China. Insects. 2024; 15(3):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030180
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yangcheng, Haipeng Chi, Mingyue Shi, Zhaozhi Lu, and Myron P. Zalucki. 2024. "Night Warming Has Mixed Effects on the Development of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), in Southern China" Insects 15, no. 3: 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030180