Spatio-Temporal Influence on the Distribution of Forensically Relevant Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sampling Procedure
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seasonal and Regional Variations in Blowfly Abundances and Diversity
3.1.1. Analysis of Temperature Differences
3.1.2. Analysis of Blowfly Species Relative Abundance
3.1.3. Analysis of Species Diversity
3.2. Seasonal Differences in Blowfly Abundance
3.3. Habitat Preferences and Environmental Influences on Blowfly Species Distribution
4. Discussion
4.1. Ecological Niches and Seasonal Distribution of Forensic Blowflies
4.2. Ecological Niches and Habitat Preferences of Forensic Blowflies
4.3. Ecological Insights and Forensic Dynamics of Blowflies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Catts, E.P.; Goff, M.L. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1992, 37, 253–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomberlin, J.K.; Benbow, M.E.; Tarone, A.M.; Mohr, R.M. Basic research in evolution and ecology enhances forensics. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2011, 26, 53–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, J.B.; Park, H.D.; Yoon, M.H. Estimating Postmortem Interval of Human Cadavers Based on The Rearing Data of Maggots. Korean J. Sci. Crim. Investig. 2014, 8, 157–163. [Google Scholar]
- Park, J.E.; Shin, S.E.; Park, S.H.; Jeong, S.J.; Park, S.H.; Moon, T.Y.; Lee, J.W. A Study for Estimating Growth Time of Calliphoridae Flies Using Statistical Models. J. Sci. Crim. Investig. 2019, 13, 89–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, S.E.; Park, J.H.; Jeong, S.J.; Park, S.H. The growth model of forensically important Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Korea. Insects 2021, 12, 323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.H.; Moon, T.Y. Consistency of seasonal patterns of insect succession on pig cadavers at Yeongdo Island in Busan, Korea. Entomol. Res. 2021, 51, 24–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.H.; Lee, J.H.; Woo, D.H.; Ji, B.H.; Moon, T.Y. Insect diversity and succession patterns on pig cadavers in Changwon, South Korea. Entomol. Res. 2022, 52, 241–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, H.S.; Baek, I.S.; Kim, N.Y.; Park, S.H. Influence of carcass mass on decomposition rate: A medico-legal entomology perspective. Entomol. Res. 2024, 54, e12705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.H.; Baek, S.H.; Moon, T.Y. The impact of blowflies on pig cadaver decomposition on Yeongdo Island, Busan, South Korea. Entomol. Res. 2021, 51, 578–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campobasso, C.P.; Di Vella, G.; Introna, F. Factors affecting decomposition and Diptera colonization. Forensic Sci. Int. 2001, 120, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mann, R.W.; Bass, W.M.; Meadows, L. Time since death and decomposition of the human body: Variables and observations in case and experimental field studies. J. Forensic Sci. 1990, 35, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goff, M.L. Estimation of postmortem interval using arthropod development and successional patterns. Forensic Sci. Rev. 1993, 5, 81. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Amendt, J.; Krettek, R.; Zehner, R. Forensic entomology. Naturwissenschaften 2004, 91, 51–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomberlin, J.K.; Mohr, R.; Benbow, M.E.; Tarone, A.M.; Vanlaerhoven, S. A roadmap for bridging basic and applied research in forensic entomology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2011, 56, 401–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pinto, J.; Magni, P.A.; O’Brien, R.C.; Dadour, I.R. Forensically relevant blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Central Connecticut, USA. Forensic Sci. Int. 2021, 327, 110940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- George, K.A.; Archer, M.S.; Toop, T. Abiotic environmental factors influencing blowfly colonisation patterns in the field. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013, 229, 100–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lutz, L.; Verhoff, M.A.; Amendt, J. Environmental factors influencing flight activity of forensically important female blow flies in Central Europe. Int. J. Leg. Med. 2019, 133, 1267–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moon, T.Y.; Moon, G.J. Medicolegal Entomology. Kosin J. Health Sci. 1997, 7, 33–52. [Google Scholar]
- Weidner, L.M.; Jennings, D.E.; Tomberlin, J.K.; Hamilton, G.C. Seasonal and geographic variation in biodiversity of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in New Jersey, USA. J. Med. Entomol. 2015, 52, 937–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohr, R.M.; Tomberlin, J.K. Environmental factors affecting early carcass attendance by four species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 2014, 51, 702–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jo, T.H. Seasonal Prevalence and Altitudinal Distribution of the Flies in Mt. Hallasan, Jejudo Island, Korea. J. Environ. Sci. 2010, 19, 491–507. [Google Scholar]
- Jung, J.B.; Yoon, M.H. A Forensic Entomological Study Using Pig Carrions in Different Seasons and the Exposed Extent. Korean Police Stud. Rev. 2013, 12, 335–354. [Google Scholar]
- Brundage, A.; Bros, S.; Honda, J.Y. Seasonal and habitat abundance and distribution of some forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Central California. Forensic Sci. Int. 2011, 212, 115–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moon, T.Y. Cadaver Entomofauna as Forensic Indicators. Korean J. Leg. Med. 1994, 18, 33–40. [Google Scholar]
- Langer, S.V.; Kyle, C.J.; Illes, M.; Larkin, S.; Beresford, D.V. Urban and rural spatial delineations in blow fly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) across Canada: Implications for forensic entomology. J. Med. Entomol. 2019, 56, 927–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, C.A.; Poirier, L.M.; Anderson, G.S. The effect of season and urbanisation on Calliphoridae (Diptera) diversity in British Columbia, Canada, using baited traps. Can. Entomol. 2023, 155, e24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvarez Garcia, D.M.; Pérez-Hérazo, A.; Amat, E. Spatial and temporal variation of the Blowflies Community (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from an urban area in Northern South America. J. Med. Entomol. 2019, 56, 464–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dufek, M.I.; Oscherov, E.B.; Damborsky, M.P.; Mulieri, P.R. Calliphoridae (Diptera) in human-transformed and wild habitats: Diversity and seasonal fluctuations in the Humid Chaco Ecoregion of South America. J. Med. Entomol. 2019, 56, 725–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feddern, N.; Amendt, J.; Schyma, C.; Jackowski, C.; Tschui, J. A preliminary study about the spatiotemporal distribution of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the area of Bern, Switzerland. Forensic Sci. Int. 2018, 289, 57–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hodecek, J.; Jakubec, P. Spatio-temporal distribution and habitat preference of necrophagous Calliphoridae based on 160 real cases from Switzerland. Int. J. Leg. Med. 2022, 136, 923–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fremdt, H.; Amendt, J. Species composition of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) through space and time. Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 236, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martín-Vega, D.; Baz, A. Sarcosaprophagous Diptera assemblages in natural habitats in central Spain: Spatial and seasonal changes in composition. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2013, 27, 64–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iwasa, M.; Matsushima, K.; Inoue, A. Seasonal and spatial distributions in relation to reproduction of blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Hokkaido, Japan. Med. Entomol. Zool. 2012, 63, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norris, K.R. The bionomics of blow flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1965, 10, 47–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steinke, D.; Braukmann, T.W.; Manerus, L.; Woodhouse, A.; Elbrecht, V. Effects of Malaise trap spacing on species richness and composition of terrestrial arthropod bulk samples. Metabarcoding Metagenomics 2021, 5, e59201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, B.H. Diagnostic Taxonomy and Forensic Implication of Necrophagous Flies Associated with Dead Animal. Master’s Dissertation, Kosin University, Busan, Republic of Korea, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Kanō, R.; Shinonaga, S. Fauna Japonica: Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera); Biogeographical Society of Japan and National Science Museum: Tokyo, Japan, 1968. [Google Scholar]
- Korea Meteorological Administration: Climate Characteristics by Region in Korea. Available online: www.weather.go.kr (accessed on 13 May 2024).
- IBM SPSS Inc. SPSS Statistics for Windows; IBM Corp.: Armonk, NY, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Matoba, K.; Terazawa, K. Estimation of the time of death of decomposed or skeletonized bodies found outdoors in cold season in Sapporo city, located in the northern district of Japan. Leg. Med. 2008, 10, 78–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shin, S.E. Taxonomic and Ecological Study on Necrophagous Insects and Its Forensic Application. Doctoral Dissertation, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Suenaga, O.; Kurahashi, H. Life cycle of an Oriental blow fly, Lucilia porphyrina (Walker) in Nagasaki, Western Japan. Trop. Med. 1995, 37, 99–107. [Google Scholar]
- Sukontason, K.; Piangjai, S.; Siriwattanarungsee, S.; Sukontason, K.L. Morphology and developmental rate of blowflies Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies in Thailand: Application in forensic entomology. Parasitol. Res. 2008, 102, 1207–1216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klong-Klaew, T.; Ngoen-Klan, R.; Moophayak, K.; Sukontason, K.; Irvine, K.N.; Tomberlin, J.K.; Somboon, P.; Chareonviriyaphap, T.; Kurahashi, H.; Sukontason, K.L. Predicting geographic distribution of forensically significant blow flies of subfamily Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Northern Thailand. Insects 2018, 9, 106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wells, J.D.; Singh, M.M.; Suzuki, K.; Miura, M.; Kurahashi, H. Male eye dimorphism and synanthropy in Chrysomya pinguis (Walker): Diptera: Calliphoridae. Med. Entomol. Zool. 1994, 45, 299–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.T.; Shiao, S.F. Temperature adaptation in Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya pinguis, two blow fly species of forensic significance. Entomol. Exp. Et Appl. 2014, 152, 100–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, S.E.; Jang, M.S.; Park, J.H.; Park, S.H. A forensic entomology case estimating the minimum postmortem interval using the distribution of fly pupae in fallow ground and maggots with freezing injury. Korean J. Lab. Med. 2015, 39, 17–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, M.L.; Gaudieri, S.; Villet, M.H.; Dadour, I.R. A global study of forensically significant calliphorids: Implications for identification. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 177, 66–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, G.S. The use of insects in death investigations: An analysis of cases in British Columbia over a five year period. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J. 1995, 28, 277–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boudreau, D.R.; Hammami, N.; Moreau, G. Environmental and evolutionary factors favouring the coexistence of sarcosaprophagous Calliphoridae species competing for animal necromass. Ecol. Entomol. 2021, 46, 1293–1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reiter, C. Zum wachstumsverhalten der maden der blauen schmeißfliege Calliphora vicina. Z. Für Rechtsmed. 1984, 91, 295–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kurahashi, H.; Kawai, S.; Shudo, C.; Wada, Y. The life history of Calliphora nigribarbis Vollenhoven in Mt. Hachijo-Fuji, Hachijo Island. Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 1994, 45, 327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shinonaga, S. The altitudinal distribution of flies on Mt. Fuji in summer season. Med. Entomol. Zool. 1965, 16, 263–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kimura, M.T. Altitudinal migration of insects. Entomol. Sci. 2021, 24, 35–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- TACHIBANA, S.I.; Numata, H. Seasonal prevalence of blowflies and flesh flies in Osaka City. Entomol. Sci. 2006, 9, 341–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toukairin, Y.; Arai, T.; Hoshi, T.; Trejo, J.A.O.; Nogami, M. The geographical distribution of fly larvae on corpses in Saitama Prefecture in Japan during the summer season. Leg. Med. 2017, 24, 75–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boehme, P.; Amendt, J.; Zehner, R. The use of COI barcodes for molecular identification of forensically important fly species in Germany. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 110, 2325–2332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonet, G.; Jordaens, K.; Braet, Y.; Desmyter, S. Why is the molecular identification of the forensically important blowfly species Lucilia caesar and L. illustris (family Calliphoridae) so problematic? Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 223, 153–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morris, O.S.; Titchener, R.N. Blowfly species composition in sheep myiasis in Scotland. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1997, 11, 253–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hwang, C.; Turner, B.D. Spatial and temporal variability of necrophagous Diptera from urban to rural areas. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2005, 19, 379–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arias-Robledo, G.; Stevens, J.R.; Wall, R. Spatial and temporal habitat partitioning by calliphorid blowflies. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2019, 33, 228–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cruickshank, I.; Wall, R. Population dynamics of the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata: Seasonal patterns and implications for control. J. Appl. Ecol. 2002, 39, 493–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sukontason, K.L.; Sanit, S.; Limsopatham, K.; Wannasan, A.; Somboon, P.; Sukontason, K. Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), blow fly of forensic importance: A review of bionomics and forensic entomology appraisal. Acta Trop. 2022, 232, 106506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Species | Region | Habitat | Total Collected | Percent (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BS | CW | GH | TY | Urban | Forest | |||
Calliphora calliphoroides (Rohdendorf, 1931) | 22 | 64 | 46 | 12 | 115 | 29 | 144 | 4.1 |
Calliphora grahami (Aldrich, 1930) | 16 | 6 | 13 | 22 | 37 | 20 | 57 | 1.6 |
Calliphora nigribarbis (Vollenhoven, 1863) | 151 | 17 | 43 | 28 | 73 | 166 | 239 | 6.9 |
Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) | 82 | 52 | 4 | 10 | 66 | 82 | 148 | 4.3 |
Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann, 1830) | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 0.2 |
Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus, 1758) | 3 | 63 | 18 | 13 | 25 | 72 | 97 | 2.8 |
Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.1 |
Lucilia illustris (Meigen, 1826) | 31 | 118 | 41 | 57 | 140 | 107 | 247 | 7.1 |
Lucilia porphyrina (Walker, 1856) | 707 | 242 | 104 | 238 | 207 | 1084 | 1291 | 37.2 |
Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) | 11 | 213 | 16 | 23 | 245 | 18 | 263 | 7.6 |
Melinda pusilla (Villeneuve, 1927) | - | - | 4 | - | 4 | - | 4 | 0.1 |
Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) | - | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 0.4 |
Chrysomya pinguis (Walker, 1858) | 63 | 269 | 528 | 96 | 188 | 768 | 956 | 27.6 |
Total | 1087 | 1052 | 824 | 507 | 1111 | 2359 | 3470 | 100.0 |
Species | Kruskal–Wallis Test | Dunn’s Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season | Spring vs. Summer | Spring vs. Autumn | Summer vs. Autumn | ||
F | p | ||||
C. calliphoroides | 10.203 | 0.006 * | NS | NS | 0.004 |
C. grahami | 6.048 | 0.049 * | NS | NS | 0.043 |
C. nigribarbis | 7.449 | 0.024 * | 0.042 | NS | NS |
C. vicina | 5.365 | 0.068 NS | NA | NA | NA |
L. caesar | 1.389 | 0.499 NS | NA | NA | NA |
L. illustris | 4.786 | 0.091 NS | NA | NA | NA |
L. porphyrina | 1.423 | 0.491 NS | NA | NA | NA |
L. sericata | 0.618 | 0.734 NS | NA | NA | NA |
Ch. pinguis | 8.144 | 0.017 * | NS | NS | 0.013 |
Species | Urban:Forest | Chi-Squared |
---|---|---|
C. calliphoroides | 1:0.38 | χ2 = 23.937, df = 1, p < 0.001 * |
C. grahami | 1:0.48 | χ2 = 8.471, df = 1, p = 0.004 * |
C. nigribarbis | 1:1 | NA |
C. vicina | 1:0.81 | χ2 = 1.774, df = 1, p = 0.183 NS |
L. caesar | 0.62:1 | χ2 = 4.016, df = 1, p = 0.045 * |
L. illustris | 1:0.75 | χ2 = 4.719, df = 1, p = 0.030 * |
L. porphyrina | 0.54:1 | χ2 = 50.562, df = 1, p < 0.001 * |
L. sericata | 1:0.25 | χ2 = 47.459, df = 1, p < 0.001 * |
Ch. pinguis | 0.57:1 | χ2 = 18.847, df = 1, p < 0.001* |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Oh, H.-S.; Baek, I.-S.; Kang, M.-G.; Park, S.-H. Spatio-Temporal Influence on the Distribution of Forensically Relevant Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Insects 2024, 15, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070536
Oh H-S, Baek I-S, Kang M-G, Park S-H. Spatio-Temporal Influence on the Distribution of Forensically Relevant Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Insects. 2024; 15(7):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070536
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Hyeon-Seok, In-Seong Baek, Min-Gyu Kang, and Sang-Hyun Park. 2024. "Spatio-Temporal Influence on the Distribution of Forensically Relevant Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea" Insects 15, no. 7: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070536