Performance of Artificial Diets for Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Rearing
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Sources
2.2. Diet Delivery
2.3. Dm: Living Prey, Drosophila Melanogaster
2.4. D0: Beef-Liver–Egg-Yolk–Based Oligidic Diet
2.5. D1: Holidic Diet Based on Meritene MOBILIS®
2.6. D2: Holidic Diet Based on Meritene MOBILIS® and KCl
2.7. D3: Holidic Artificial Diet Based on Nidina® 2 OPTIPRO®
2.8. D4: Meridic Artificial Diet Based on Meritene MOBILIS®, KCl, and OB
2.9. Management of Rearing Data and Pictures
2.10. Data Analysis
2.11. Life Tables
3. Results
3.1. Sex and Mortality Ratios
3.2. Effect of Diet on the ADDs
3.3. Effect of Diet on Each Instar
3.4. Reproductive Parameters
3.5. Life Tables
3.6. Prediction of the Effect of the Diet in Each Instar
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instar (x) | Number Living (N) | Fraction Surviving (lx) | Period Survival (px) | Period Mortality (qx) | Frequence of Deaths (dx) | Expectation of Life (ADD) (ex) |
First generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2527.5 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2399.5 |
N2 | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2137.1 |
N3 | 33 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1892.3 |
N4 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1558.5 |
N5 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1128.7 |
AD | 29 | 0.88 | 0 | 1 | 0.88 | 489.3 |
EG | 338 | |||||
T1 = 10.24 | ||||||
Second generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2184.2 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0 | 2056.2 |
N2 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1814.4 |
N3 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1616.5 |
N4 | 30 | 0.91 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1323.4 |
N5 | 30 | 0.91 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 969.2 |
AD | 30 | 0.91 | 0 | 1 | 0.91 | 537.3 |
EG | 416 | |||||
T2 = 12.61 | ||||||
TDm = 11.43 |
D0 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instar (x) | Number Living (N) | Fraction Surviving (lx) | Period Survival (px) | Period Mortality (qx) | Frequence of Deaths (dx) | Expectation of Life (ADD) (ex) |
First generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3552.2 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 3424.2 |
N2 | 32 | 0.97 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3039.7 |
N3 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2437.6 |
N4 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2117.5 |
N5 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1860.4 |
AD | 27 | 0.82 | 0 | 1 | 0.82 | 1266 |
EG | 624 | |||||
T1 = 18.91 | ||||||
Second generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3300.1 |
N1 | 32 | 0.97 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3172.1 |
N2 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2849.8 |
N3 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2587.0 |
N4 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 2143.9 |
N5 | 27 | 0.82 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1580.0 |
AD | 27 | 0.82 | 0 | 1 | 0.82 | 838.4 |
EG | 378 | |||||
T2 = 11.45 | ||||||
TD0 = 15.18 |
D1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instar (x) | Number Living (N) | Fraction Surviving (lx) | Period Survival (px) | Period Mortality (qx) | Frequence of Deaths (dx) | Expectation of Life (ADD) (ex) |
First generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2647.6 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2519.6 |
N2 | 31 | 0.94 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2158.4 |
N3 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1907.2 |
N4 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1476.7 |
N5 | 28 | 0.85 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1038.2 |
AD | 28 | 0.85 | 0 | 1 | 0.85 | 593.9 |
EG | 364 | |||||
T1 = 11.03 | ||||||
Second generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2495.6 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2367.6 |
N2 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2056.6 |
N3 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1802.1 |
N4 | 30 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1442.7 |
N5 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1028.6 |
AD | 28 | 0.85 | 0 | 1 | 0.85 | 566.4 |
EG | 432 | |||||
T2 = 13.09 | ||||||
TD1 = 12.06 |
D3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instar (x) | Number Living (N) | Fraction Surviving (lx) | Period Survival (px) | Period Mortality (qx) | Frequence of Deaths (dx) | Expectation of Life (ADD) (ex) |
First generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3028.7 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2900.7 |
N2 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2334.6 |
N3 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2052.8 |
N4 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1668.8 |
N5 | 27 | 0.82 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1282 |
AD | 27 | 0.82 | 0 | 1 | 0.82 | 842.8 |
EG | 468 | |||||
T1 = 14.18 | ||||||
Second generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3034.1 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 2906.1 |
N2 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 2479.9 |
N3 | 27 | 0.82 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2199.3 |
N4 | 27 | 0.82 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1805.4 |
N5 | 27 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1317.5 |
AD | 26 | 0.79 | 0 | 1 | 0.79 | 702.3 |
EG | 324 | |||||
T2 = 9.82 | ||||||
TD3 = 12 |
D4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instar (x) | Number Living (N) | Fraction Surviving (lx) | Period Survival (px) | Period Mortality (qx) | Frequence of Deaths (dx) | Expectation of Life (ADD) (ex) |
First generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2760.1 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2632.1 |
N2 | 31 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2054.2 |
N3 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1736.4 |
N4 | 28 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1337.3 |
N5 | 27 | 0.82 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 901.4 |
AD | 27 | 0.82 | 0 | 1 | 0.82 | 492.1 |
EG | 338 | |||||
T1 = 10.24 | ||||||
Second generation | ||||||
EG | 33 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2690.9 |
N1 | 33 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2562.9 |
N2 | 32 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2213.0 |
N3 | 30 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1931.2 |
N4 | 29 | 0.88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1523.5 |
N5 | 29 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1071.1 |
AD | 28 | 0.85 | 0 | 1 | 0.85 | 578.9 |
EG | 390 | |||||
T2 = 11.82 | ||||||
TD4 = 11.03 |
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Picciotti, U.; Valverde-Urrea, M.; Sefa, V.; Ragni, M.; Garganese, F.; Porcelli, F. Performance of Artificial Diets for Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Rearing. Insects 2024, 15, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080607
Picciotti U, Valverde-Urrea M, Sefa V, Ragni M, Garganese F, Porcelli F. Performance of Artificial Diets for Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Rearing. Insects. 2024; 15(8):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080607
Chicago/Turabian StylePicciotti, Ugo, Miguel Valverde-Urrea, Valdete Sefa, Marco Ragni, Francesca Garganese, and Francesco Porcelli. 2024. "Performance of Artificial Diets for Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Rearing" Insects 15, no. 8: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080607