Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Apis cerana cerana
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honeybee Breeding
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Acute Toxicity Test
2.4. Chronic Toxicity Test
2.5. Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) Experiments on Worker Bees
2.6. Biochemical and Molecular Tests
2.6.1. Sample Preparation
2.6.2. Biochemical Tests
2.6.3. Gene Expression Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Toxic Effects of Lead and GY in Isolation and Combination on A. c. cerana
3.2. Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Survival and Feed Intake of A. c. cerana
3.3. Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Proboscis Extension Response of A. c. cerana
3.4. Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Enzyme Activity in A. c. cerana
3.5. Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Gene Expression in A. c. cerana
3.5.1. Expression of Memory Genes
3.5.2. Expression of Abdominal Immunity and Detoxification Genes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer Sequence (5′ to 3′) |
---|---|
Nmdar1 | F:CGGGCTTCGATAGCTGCTCAAC R:CTCGACCAGGACTTCGTGGAGT |
TyrR2 | F:CGACCACGACAACGGTTTACCA R:CACGCCCATTATCACGCCCAAT |
Abaecin | F:CGCAGCGTTCGCATATGTACCA R:ATGGTCCCTGACCAGGAAACGT |
Apidaecin | F:CCTTTATAGTCGCGGTATTTGG R:AGGTTCAGCTTCCGGTTCAG |
CYP9Q1 | F:GGCTTCAGGAGGAGATCGACGA R:ACCTCATCGCCTCGCTCATCA |
CYP9Q3 | F:ACTCCATCACCTCCGTCACCAC R:CACACCGTCGTTGCTCCTCAA |
P450 9e2 | F:ATGGACGGCGAGCAATGGAAG R:TGGACAGGTGATGGGCGAATCT |
GSTD1 | F: CATTGACGGCTGCTGCTCT R: TTCAGGCTTCAACTGTTCCCTAT |
Arp(actin) | F:GGATTCGGGTGACGGTGTTTCG R:GCCAGCCAAGTCCAAACGAAGA |
Exposure Time (h) | Glyphosate Alone | Lead Chloride Alone | Glyphosate Combined | Lead and Chloride Combined | Additive Index (AI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | p | LC50 (95% FL) mg a.i. L−1 | df | p | LC50 (95% FL) mg a.i. L−1 | df | p | LC50 (95% FL) mg a.i. L−1 | df | p | LC50 (95% FL) mg a.i. L−1 | ||
72 | 6 | 0.36 | 7121 (6089–8657) | 6 | 0.34 | 1483 (1341–1659) | 6 | 0.18 | 1448 (1263–1672) | 6 | 0.39 | 769 (701–847) | 0.43 |
96 | 6 | 0.23 | 4764 (4184–5505) | 6 | 0.31 | 1083 (985–1203) | 6 | 0.48 | 946 (830–1083) | 6 | 0.18 | 621 (566–682) | 0.30 |
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Xue, Y.; Zhao, W.; Meng, Q.; Yang, L.; Zhi, D.; Guo, Y.; Yue, D.; Tian, Y.; Dong, K. Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Apis cerana cerana. Insects 2024, 15, 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090644
Xue Y, Zhao W, Meng Q, Yang L, Zhi D, Guo Y, Yue D, Tian Y, Dong K. Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Apis cerana cerana. Insects. 2024; 15(9):644. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090644
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Yunfei, Wenzheng Zhao, Qingxin Meng, Linfu Yang, Dandan Zhi, Yulong Guo, Dan Yue, Yakai Tian, and Kun Dong. 2024. "Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Apis cerana cerana" Insects 15, no. 9: 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090644