Evolutionary Relationships of Omani Macrotermes subhyalinus, Macrotermitinae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen Sampling
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.2.1. COI
2.2.2. 28S
2.3. Amplification and Sequencing Protocol
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. COI
3.2. 28S
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Major Soldier Head Capsule | Distinctive Features | Mound Structure | Swarming Behavior | Known Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M. falciger | Measurements: 142 specimens from 64 localities, range is in millimeters Length (5.20–7.43) Width (4.00–6.14) Length of left mandible (2.85–4.01) Max. length of pronotum (1.70–261) Max. width of pronotum (3.30–5.18) | Colors: Dark chestnut-brown | Major soldiers of M. falciger are usually darker and are characterized by huge thoracic nota, a wide head, thick antennae, and conspicuous pilosity of the gula The minor soldiers have longer tibiae and more incurved mandibles than in M. subhyalinus Imagos of M. falciger are usually larger than those of M. subhyalinus and have proportionately smaller eyes and longer tibiae, and the depressed area around the fontanelle also differs in shape | Low hummocks, but can vary under different circumstances | Just after dark | Predominantly a woodland species, which is widely distributed in eastern and southern parts of Africa |
M. subhyalinus | Measurements: 456 specimens from 163 localities, range is in millimeters Length (4.13–6.21) Width (3.26–4.89) Length of left mandible (2.52–3.14) Max. length of pronotum (1.43–1.90) Max. width of pronotum (2.55–3.74) | Red–yellow to reddish brown | Erects tall and spired, but can vary under different circumstances | Around midnight | Widely distributed through West, Central, and East Africa |
Mean | A | C | G | T | Sites | Variable Sites | Among Taxa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-Square | df | p > 0.05 | ||||||||
Macrotermitinae | 1st-codon position | 0.32415 | 0.23234 | 0.27605 | 0.16746 | 179.00 | 42 | 24.909676 | 264 | 1.00000000 |
2nd-codon position | 0.13723 | 0.27883 | 0.17032 | 0.41362 | 178.99 | 15 | 3.245748 | 264 | 1.00000000 | |
3rd-codon position | 0.48886 | 0.28916 | 0.07286 | 0.14912 | 178.99 | 168 | 249.222679 | 264 | 0.81496609 | |
All codon positions | 0.31661 | 0.26682 | 0.17320 | 0.24337 | 536.97 | 225 | 78.074355 | 264 | 1.00000000 | |
Macrotermitinae and outgroup | 1st-codon position | 0.32537 | 0.22856 | 0.27486 | 0.17121 | 179.00 | 49 | 53.197546 | 354 | 1.00000000 |
2nd-codon position | 0.13667 | 0.27773 | 0.17071 | 0.41488 | 178.99 | 17 | 4.698318 | 354 | 1.00000000 | |
3rd-codon position | 0.48925 | 0.27340 | 0.06934 | 0.16801 | 178.99 | 169 | 518.419339 | 354 | 0.00000003 | |
All codon positions | 0.31705 | 0.25988 | 0.17167 | 0.25140 | 536.98 | 235 | 194.923233 | 354 | 1.00000000 | |
Outgroup only | 1st-codon position | 0.32880 | 0.21623 | 0.27132 | 0.18365 | 179.00 | 30 | 17.396548 | 87 | 1.00000000 |
2nd-codon position | 0.13501 | 0.27412 | 0.17188 | 0.41899 | 179.00 | 3 | 0.638419 | 87 | 1.00000000 | |
3rd-codon position | 0.49300 | 0.22388 | 0.05703 | 0.22609 | 179.00 | 154 | 60.210541 | 87 | 0.98730157 | |
All codon positions | 0.31880 | 0.23802 | 0.16683 | 0.27634 | 537.00 | 187 | 24.159910 | 87 | 1.00000000 | |
RY coding: Macrotermitinae and outgroup | 1st-codon position | 0.32537 | 0.22856 | 0.27486 | 0.17121 | 178.97 | 49 | 53.196584 | 354 | 1.00000000 |
2nd-codon position | 0.13667 | 0.27773 | 0.17071 | 0.41488 | 178.98 | 17 | 4.698318 | 354 | 1.00000000 | |
3rd-codon position | 0.27928 | 0.22072 | 0.27982 | 0.22072 | 178.98 | 104 | 38.248258 | 354 | 1.00000000 | |
All codon positions | 0.24879 | 0.23697 | 0.23992 | 0.27432 | 536.94 | 170 | 47.366512 | 354 | 1.00000000 |
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AlShamakhi, H.S.; Al-Sadi, A.M.; Cook, L.G. Evolutionary Relationships of Omani Macrotermes subhyalinus, Macrotermitinae. Insects 2024, 15, 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090648
AlShamakhi HS, Al-Sadi AM, Cook LG. Evolutionary Relationships of Omani Macrotermes subhyalinus, Macrotermitinae. Insects. 2024; 15(9):648. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090648
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlShamakhi, Hilal S., Abdullah M. Al-Sadi, and Lyn G. Cook. 2024. "Evolutionary Relationships of Omani Macrotermes subhyalinus, Macrotermitinae" Insects 15, no. 9: 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090648