Elucidating the Common Generalist Predators of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in an Organic Apple Orchard Using Molecular Gut-Content Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Description of Field Site
2.2. Pest Activity Sampling
2.3. Predator Population Sampling
2.4. Molecular Gut-Content Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pest Activity
3.2. Predator Populations
3.3. Molecular Gut-Content Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxonomic Description | PCR Positives | No. Tested |
---|---|---|
Araneae | ||
Agelenidae | 0 | 1 |
Amaurobiidae: Coras sp. | 0 | 2 |
Anyphaenidae | 0 | 4 |
Araneidae: Mangora sp. | 0 | 9 |
Clubionidae: Clubiona sp. | 0 | 6 |
Corinnidae | 0 | 9 |
Dictynidae: Emblyna sp. | 3 | 8 |
Dictyna sp. | 0 | 3 |
Saltonia sp. | 0 | 2 |
Unknown-immature | 0 | 4 |
Linyphiidae: Agyneta fabra | 2 | 11 |
Erigone sp. | 0 | 1 |
Semljicola sp. | 0 | 1 |
Unknown-immature | 1 | 19 |
Liocranidae: Agroeca pratensis | 1 | 2 |
Lycosidae: Pardosa sp. | 1 | 8 |
Pirata sp. | 0 | 30 |
Schizocosa sp. | 0 | 5 |
Trabeops sp. | 0 | 46 |
Trochosa sp. | 0 | 1 |
Unknown-immature | 0 | 5 |
Mysmenidae | 0 | 1 |
Salticidae: Pelegrina sp. | 1 | 23 |
Hentzia sp. | 0 | 5 |
Metacyrba sp. | 0 | 1 |
Metaphiddipus sp. | 0 | 5 |
Phiddipus sp. | 0 | 4 |
Unknown-immature | 0 | 2 |
Philodromidae: Philodromus peninsulanus | 1 | 26 |
Tibellus sp. | 0 | 7 |
Unknown-immature | 0 | 4 |
Pisauridae: Pisaurina sp. | 0 | 1 |
Theridiidae: Enoplognatha ovata | 0 | 7 |
Neottiura sp. | 0 | 7 |
Theridion sp. | 1 | 32 |
Unknown-immature | 6 | 37 |
Thomisidae: Misumena sp. | 0 | 1 |
Misumenops sp. | 0 | 3 |
Ozyptila sp. | 0 | 3 |
Xysticus sp. | 1 | 2 |
Thomisidae: Unknown-immature | 1 | 3 |
Opiliones: Phalangiidae | 0 | 8 |
Hemiptera | ||
Nabidae: Nabis sp. | 7 | 32 |
Pentatomidae: Podisus maculiventris | 2 | 5 |
Coleoptera | ||
Cantharidae: Podabrus sp. | 1 | 8 |
Carabidae: Amara sp. | 1 | 4 |
Anisodactylus sp. | 0 | 2 |
Bradycellus sp. | 0 | 3 |
Colliuris sp. | 0 | 1 |
Harpalus sp. | 1 | 2 |
Coccinellidae: Brachiacantha ursina | 2 | 3 |
Coleomegilla maculata | 0 | 7 |
Harmonia axyridis | 3 | 4 |
Propylea quatuordecimpunctata | 0 | 2 |
Staphylinidae: Stenus sp. | 2 | 6 |
Taxonomic Description | PCR Positives | No. Tested |
---|---|---|
Araneae | ||
Dictynidae: Emblyna sp. | 3 | 8 |
Linyphiidae: Agyneta fabra | 2 | 11 |
Liocranidae: Agroeca pratensis | 1 | 2 |
Lycosidae: Pardosa sp. | 1 | 8 |
Salticidae: Pelegrina sp. | 1 | 23 |
Philodromidae: Philodromus peninsulanus | 1 | 26 |
Theridiidae (immature) | 7 | 69 |
Thomisidae (immature) | 2 | 5 |
Hemiptera | ||
Nabidae: Nabis sp. | 7 | 32 |
Pentatomidae: Podisus maculiventris | 2 | 5 |
Coleoptera | ||
Cantharidae: Podabrus sp. | 1 | 8 |
Carabidae: Amara sp. | 1 | 4 |
Harpalus sp. | 1 | 2 |
Coccinellidae: Brachiacantha ursina | 2 | 3 |
Harmonia axyridis | 3 | 4 |
Staphylinidae: Stenus sp. | 2 | 6 |
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Schmidt, J.M.; Szendrei, Z.; Grieshop, M. Elucidating the Common Generalist Predators of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in an Organic Apple Orchard Using Molecular Gut-Content Analysis. Insects 2016, 7, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7030029
Schmidt JM, Szendrei Z, Grieshop M. Elucidating the Common Generalist Predators of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in an Organic Apple Orchard Using Molecular Gut-Content Analysis. Insects. 2016; 7(3):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7030029
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchmidt, Jason M., Zsofia Szendrei, and Matthew Grieshop. 2016. "Elucidating the Common Generalist Predators of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in an Organic Apple Orchard Using Molecular Gut-Content Analysis" Insects 7, no. 3: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7030029