Risk Assessment of Two Insecticides on Encarsia formosa, Parasitoid of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plants, Insects and Insecticides
2.2. Toxicity to Parasitoid Adults
2.3. Toxicity to Parasitoid Pre-Pupae and Pupae
2.4. Sublethal Effects on Parasitoid Searching Behaviour
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Toxicity to Parasitoid Adults
3.2. Toxicity to Parasitoid Pre-Pupae and Pupae
3.3. Sublethal Effects on Parasitoid Searching Behaviour
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Toxicity Risk Grade | Safety Factor (SF) |
---|---|
extreme high risk | SF ≤ 0.05 |
high risk | 0.05 < SF ≤ 0.5 |
medium risk | 0.5 < SF ≤ 5 |
low risk | SF > 5 |
Parasitoid Age (h) | Regression Equation of Toxicity | Correlation Coefficient (r) | LC30 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) | LC50 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
12 | Y = −0.396 + 1.472X | 0.966 | 0.818 (0.255–1.456) | 1.857 (0.891–2.771) |
24 | Y = −1.829 + 2.541X | 0.928 | 3.262 (0.443–5.839) | 5.246 (1.894–11.081) |
48 | Y = −1.770 + 2.162X | 0.973 | 3.768 (2.805–4.707) | 6.587 (5.330–8.078) |
72 | Y = −2.092 + 2.499X | 0.987 | 4.239 (3.312–5.150) | 6.872 (5.695–8.266) |
96 | Y = −2.439 + 2.560X | 0.991 | 5.598 (4.457–6.740) | 8.972 (7.490–10.804) |
Parasitoid Age (h) | Regression Equation of Toxicity | Correlation Coefficient (r) | LC30 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) | LC50 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
12 | Y = −2.854 + 1.740X | 0.976 | 21.818 (12.965–30.399) | 43.669 (31.555–56.3) |
24 | Y = −3.789 + 2.034X | 0.974 | 40.262 (29.717–50.668) | 72.892 (58.593–90.425) |
48 | Y = −4.441 + 2.301X | 0.981 | 43.818 (30.749–56.726) | 81.296 (66.387–99.827) |
72 | Y = −3.392 + 1.747X | 0.983 | 46.943 (35.828–57.980) | 87.470 (68.605–112.343) |
96 | Y = −3.399 + 1.688X | 0.986 | 50.445 (35.926–65.201) | 103.138 (80.635–135.647) |
Pesticide | Parasitoid Age (h) | Field Recommended Concentration (mg/L) | Safety Factor (SF) | Toxicity Risk Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|
abamectin | 12 | 20 | 0.093 | high risk |
24 | 20 | 0.262 | high risk | |
48 | 20 | 0.329 | high risk | |
72 | 20 | 0.344 | high risk | |
96 | 20 | 0.449 | high risk | |
imidacloprid | 12 | 33.3 | 1.311 | medium risk |
24 | 33.3 | 2.189 | medium risk | |
48 | 33.3 | 2.441 | medium risk |
Parasitoid Stage | Regression Equation of Toxicity | Correlation Coefficient (r) | LC30 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) | LC50 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
pre-pupa | Y = −2.086 + 3.244X | 0.951 | 3.029 (0.386–5.167) | 4.395 (1.447–8.493) |
pupa | Y = −1.372 + 2.109X | 0.990 | 2.524 (1.730–3.278) | 4.474 (3.473–5.532) |
Pesticide | Parasitoid Stage | Field Recommended Concentration (mg/L) | Safety Factor (SF) | Toxicity Risk Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|
abamectin | pre-pupa | 20 | 0.220 | high risk |
pupa | 20 | 0.224 | high risk | |
imidacloprid | pre-pupa | 33.3 | 0.667 | medium risk |
pupa | 33.3 | 0.993 | medium risk |
Parasitoid Stage | Regression Equation of Toxicity | Correlation Coefficient (r) | LC30 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) | LC50 (mg/L) (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
pre-pupa | Y = −1.773 + 1.317X | 0.931 | 8.877 (2.822–15.911) | 22.211 (11.107–33.026) |
pupa | Y = −3.024 + 2.032X | 0.951 | 16.990 (1.210–32.911) | 30.781 (6.680–54.553) |
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He, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Guo, Q.; Ali, S.; Chen, X.-S.; Qiu, B.-L. Risk Assessment of Two Insecticides on Encarsia formosa, Parasitoid of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Insects 2018, 9, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030116
He Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Guo Q, Ali S, Chen X-S, Qiu B-L. Risk Assessment of Two Insecticides on Encarsia formosa, Parasitoid of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Insects. 2018; 9(3):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030116
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Zhan, Yuan Liu, Lei Wang, Qiu Guo, Shaukat Ali, Xiao-Sheng Chen, and Bao-Li Qiu. 2018. "Risk Assessment of Two Insecticides on Encarsia formosa, Parasitoid of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci" Insects 9, no. 3: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030116