Habitat Structure, Quality and Landscape Predict Species Richness and Communities of Collembola in Dry Grasslands in Austria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Site Selection
2.2. Collembola Sampling
2.3. Collembola Determination and Classification
2.4. Patch Variables
2.5. Landscape Variables
- Fragmentation: To assess the influence of large dry grasslands in the proximity of the sites, the distance between site centre and the nearest large dry grassland area (>15 ha in size) was measured on a topographical map (scale 1:50,000).
- Land use intensity of the surrounding landscape: To obtain a simple measure for ‘landscape heterogeneity’ the number of land use types in the 1 × 1 km2 quadrat around the site was counted. Five combinations of element types and attributes were specified, (a) dry grassland elements; (b) elements with extensive agricultural use; (c) fallow-dominated elements; (d) short-grassed elements; and (e) linear elements of various kinds. The summed area within a 1 × 1 km2 quadrat area around each patch was calculated and used as a predictor for species richness in the patches. To quantify land use intensity the 62 pre-defined land use types in the 1 × 1 km2 quadrat around the patch were classified as high, low or neutral land use intensity. Natural forests or other grasslands are considered to reflect low land use intensity. In contrast, intensively used agricultural fields are associated with high land use intensity. An average land use intensity weighted by area was calculated to obtain a factor describing land use intensity of the landscape around each patch.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. CCA
3.2. Single Correlations
3.3. Multivariate Regression Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Category * | Site Occupancy, % |
---|---|---|
Order Poduromorpha Hypogastrura assimilis | 3 | 24 |
Ceratophysella bengtssoni | 3 | 18 |
Ceratophysella sigillata | 3 | 4 |
Ceratophysella succinea | 3 | 36 |
Schoettella ununguiculata | § | 12 |
Choreutinula inermis | § | 2 |
Xenylla grisea | 3 | 6 |
Xenylla maritima | § | 4 |
Brachystomella parvula | 3 | 8 |
Microgastrura duodecimoculata | 3 | 2 |
Pseudachorutes dubius | § | 6 |
Pseudachorutes parvulus | 3 | 72 |
Pseudachorutes subcrassus | § | 4 |
Pseudachorutes palmiensis | § | 8 |
Deutonura conjuncta | § | 20 |
Neanura alba | § | 4 |
Neanura muscorum | § | 2 |
Odontella empodialis | § | 2 |
Protaphorura armata | 3 | 8 |
Protaphorura gisini | § | 6 |
Protaphorura subfimata | 1 | 2 |
Metaphorura affinis | § | 2 |
Metaphorura riozoi | 1 | 2 |
Order Entomobryomorpha Folsomia quadrioculata | 3 | 18 |
Folsomides angularis | 3 | 4 |
Proisotoma crassicauda | § | 2 |
Proisotoma minuta | 3 | 6 |
Proisotoma sp. | § | 48 |
Isotoma olivacea | 3 | 26 |
Isotoma sp. | § | 16 |
Isotoma notabilis | 3 | 54 |
Isotoma viridis | 3 | 90 |
Entomobrya atrocincta | 2 | 4 |
Entomobrya multifasciata | 1 | 80 |
Entomobrya handschini | 1 | 80 |
Entomobrya marginata | 2 | 8 |
Entomobrya quinquelineata | 2 | 2 |
Entomobrya sp. 1 | § | 42 |
Entomobrya sp. 2 | § | 14 |
Orchesella cincta | 3 | 98 |
Orchesella flavescens | § | 2 |
Orchesella multifasciata | § | 14 |
Orchesella spectabilis | 1 | 2 |
Orchesella pannonica | 1 | 2 |
Orchesella villosa | 3 | 2 |
Orchesella taurica | § | 18 |
Orchesella xerothermica | 2 | 2 |
Seira dollfusi | 2 | 14 |
Heteromurus major | 2 | 60 |
Lepidocyrtus cyaneus | 3 | 96 |
Lepidocyrtus languinosus | 3 | 68 |
Lepidocyrtus lignorum | 3 | 78 |
Lepidocyrtus paradoxus | 3 | 82 |
Lepidocyrtus nigrescens | 1 | 37 |
Pseudosinella alba | § | 14 |
Pseudosinella decipiens | 3 | 24 |
Pseudosinella octopunctata | § | 6 |
Pseudosinella sexoculata | 3 | 4 |
Pseudosinella imparipunctata | 3 | 2 |
Pseudosinella petterseni | 3 | 6 |
Willowsia buski | 3 | 2 |
Willowsia nigromaculata | 3 | 2 |
Tomocerus flavescens | § | 34 |
Tomocerus vulgaris | 3 | 2 |
Cyphoderus albinos | § | 14 |
Cyphoderus bidenticulatus | 2 | 2 |
Order Symphypleona Sphaeridia pumilis | 3 | 14 |
Sminthurinus elegans | 2 | 58 |
Sminthurinus niger | 3 | 38 |
Sminthurinus aureus | 3 | 38 |
Sminthurinus bimaculatus | 2 | 2 |
Sminthurinus sp. | § | 2 |
Stenognathellus denisi | 2 | 2 |
Dicyrtoma fusca | § | 4 |
Sminthurus multipunctatus | 1 | 60 |
Sminthurus viridis | 3 | 92 |
Caprainea marginata | 3 | 2 |
Sminthurus maculatus | 1 | 4 |
Bourletiella viridescens | 3 | 2 |
Deuterosminthurus bicinctus | 3 | 2 |
Deuterosminthurus sulphureus sulphureus | 2 | 6 |
Deuterosminthurus pallipes | 1 | 70 |
Deuterosminthurus sp. | § | 2 |
Heterosminthurus bilineatus | 3 | 2 |
Heterosminthurus insignis | 3 | 2 |
Fasciosminthurus sp. | § | 2 |
Site | Area, m2 | Total Abundance, No. Individuals | Total | Number of Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Grassland Specialists | Grassland Species | Total Grassland Species | Generalists | ||||
01 | 2158 | 371 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 11 |
02 | 3503 | 681 | 23 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 9 |
03 | 2579 | 1025 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 11 |
04 | 9202 | 1400 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 13 |
05 | 97,271 | 493 | 18 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 11 |
06 | 13,338 | 834 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
07 | 7130 | 2013 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
08 | 13,902 | 1614 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 9 |
09 | 1638 | 556 | 23 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 15 |
10 | 2905 | 472 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 11 |
11 | 870 | 530 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
12 | 5588 | 1615 | 21 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
13 | 3117 | 777 | 21 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 13 |
14 | 1713 | 516 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 9 |
15 | 4699 | 1200 | 22 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 11 |
16 | 6737 | 549 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 11 |
17 | 878 | 624 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 10 |
18 | 63,538 | 5690 | 18 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 8 |
19 | 7816 | 990 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 10 |
20 | 7214 | 206 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 |
21 | 28,342 | 424 | 19 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 9 |
22 | 7934 | 1112 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 9 |
23 | 1556 | 786 | 24 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 11 |
24 | 60,701 | 1064 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 |
25 | 3808 | 1200 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 |
26 | 1257 | 1023 | 21 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 10 |
27 | 5224 | 578 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 6 |
28 | 391 | 865 | 18 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 |
29 | 2016 | 3637 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 12 |
30 | 1155 | 1321 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
31 | 13,215 | 2463 | 19 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 |
32 | 23,492 | 937 | 18 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 |
33 | 89,674 | 1036 | 17 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 10 |
34 | 4297 | 394 | 17 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 10 |
35 | 11,777 | 980 | 23 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 14 |
36 | 1842 | 274 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 7 |
37 | 6073 | 1569 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 9 |
38 | 450 | 1917 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 12 |
39 | 5368 | 204 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
40 | 7078 | 310 | 20 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 10 |
41 | 1027 | 487 | 21 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 11 |
42 | 21,454 | 5576 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 12 |
43 | 3154 | 1493 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
44 | 53,203 | 496 | 16 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
45 | 1043 | 704 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 12 |
46 | 487 | 659 | 20 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 11 |
47 | 1076 | 676 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 11 |
48 | 22,972 | 328 | 18 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 11 |
49 | 7189 | 259 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
50 | 381 | 1437 | 21 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 10 |
Response Parameter | Independent Variable | r | P |
---|---|---|---|
Dry grassland specialist species richness | Dry grassland plant species richness | 0.48 | <0.01 |
Soil gravel content | 0.353 | <0.05 | |
Soil temperature | 0.282 | <0.05 | |
Distance to the nearest source area, mainland | 0.379 | <0.01 | |
Generalist species richness | Total plant species richness | 0.35 | <0.05 |
Species Group/Background Variable | Unstandardized | Standardized | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Standardised Beta | β | Student’s t | P | |
Dry grassland specialist species richness | −0.1539 | 0.8649 | −0.1779 | 0.8596 | |
All plant species richness | 0.0527 | 0.0123 | 0.5015 | 4.2738 | 0.0001 |
MPAR | 0.0005 | 0.0002 | 0.2656 | 2.2611 | 0.0286 |
Soil temperature | 0.0769 | 0.0275 | 0.3167 | 2.7980 | 0.0075 |
Distance to nearest large dry grassland | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | −0.2777 | −2.4736 | 0.0172 |
Grassland species richness | −1.6670 | 1.2521 | −1.3314 | 0.1896 | |
All plant species richness | 0.0818 | 0.0189 | 0.5244 | 4.3217 | 0.0001 |
MPAR | 0.0006 | 0.0003 | 0.2432 | 1.9881 | 0.0528 |
Soil temperature | 0.1433 | 0.0429 | 0.3977 | 3.3355 | 0.0017 |
Generalist species richness | 12.7616 | 0.7648 | 16.6866 | 0.0000 | |
All plant species richness | −0.0924 | 0.0218 | −0.6119 | −4.2367 | 0.0001 |
Humus | 0.1549 | 0.0454 | 0.4930 | 3.4136 | 0.0013 |
Total species richness | 21.7679 | 2.0429 | 10.6552 | 0.0000 | |
MPAR | 0.0012 | 0.0005 | 0.2899 | 2.2315 | 0.0309 |
Humus | 0.3596 | 0.1171 | 0.7137 | 3.0712 | 0.0037 |
Gravel | −0.0453 | 0.0189 | −0.3421 | −2.1315 | 0.0388 |
Clay | −0.2259 | 0.0654 | −1.0045 | −3.4558 | 0.0012 |
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Querner, P.; Milasowszky, N.; Zulka, K.P.; Abensperg-Traun, M.; Willner, W.; Sauberer, N.; Jakomini, C.; Wrbka, T.; Schmitzberger, I.; Zechmeister, H.G. Habitat Structure, Quality and Landscape Predict Species Richness and Communities of Collembola in Dry Grasslands in Austria. Insects 2018, 9, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030081
Querner P, Milasowszky N, Zulka KP, Abensperg-Traun M, Willner W, Sauberer N, Jakomini C, Wrbka T, Schmitzberger I, Zechmeister HG. Habitat Structure, Quality and Landscape Predict Species Richness and Communities of Collembola in Dry Grasslands in Austria. Insects. 2018; 9(3):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030081
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuerner, Pascal, Norbert Milasowszky, Klaus Peter Zulka, Max Abensperg-Traun, Wolfgang Willner, Norbert Sauberer, Christine Jakomini, Thomas Wrbka, Ingrid Schmitzberger, and Harald G. Zechmeister. 2018. "Habitat Structure, Quality and Landscape Predict Species Richness and Communities of Collembola in Dry Grasslands in Austria" Insects 9, no. 3: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030081