Temperature Acclimation Ability by an Oceanic Sea Skater, Halobatesgermanus, Inhabiting the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Heat Shock, Hardening and Acclimation in Ectotherms
1.2. Effects of Higher Temperature Acclimation
1.3. Effects of Lower Temperature Acclimation
1.4. Effective Acclimation to Lower and Higher Temperatures
1.5. Objectives of This Study: Temperature Acclimation within a Narrow Temperature Variation of 25 to 31 °C and Heat Shock Effects from a Moderate Temperature of 32.5 °C
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samplings
2.2. Treatment of Specimens after Samplings and before the Experiments
2.3. Rearing Methods for Moderate Heat Shock and Acclimation
2.4. A rearing Setupbefore Cool Coma Experiments
2.5. Cool Coma Experiments (CCEs)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution
3.2. Cool Coma Experiments (CCEs)
3.3. Acclimation and Moderate Heat Shock Experiments
3.4. Integrated Analysis by ANCOVA
4. Discussion
4.1. Extreme Week Temperature Tolerance and Acclimation Ability to Moderate Temperature
4.2. Damage to Moderate High Temperature of 32.5 °C and Global Warming
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latitude | Longitude | N | L | A | Hg | Hm | EG | E | Stat | WT | AT | WS | W | CS | Sa | CD | TD | Date | S (×1.3 m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | M | |||||||||||||||||||
04°36′ N | 137°20′ E | 104 | 35 | 32 | 37 | 97 | 7 | 0 | 1 | St.A-1 | 29.6 | 28.0 | 7.7 | Cloudy | 0.7 | 32/33.9 | 95 | 18:00-15 | December 07 | |
04°36′ N | 137°20′ E | 115 | 54 | 28 | 33 | 111 | 4 | 0 | 0 | St.A-2 | 29.6 | 27.8 | 7.6 | Cloudy | 0.8 | 32/33.9 | 89 | 18:24-39 | December 07 | 920.0 |
04°37′ N | 137°20′ E | 218 | 70 | 73 | 75 | 213 | 5 | 0 | 4 | St.A-3 | 29.6 | 28.1 | 7.2 | Cloudy | 0.7 | 32/33.9 | 89 | 18:46~19:01 | December 07 | 768.0 |
04°37′ N | 137°19′ E | 101 | 30 | 37 | 34 | 99 | 2 | 0 | 4 | St.A-4 | 29.6 | 28.0 | 6.3 | Cloudy | 0.7 | 32 | 83 | 19:07-22 | December 07 | 707.0 |
01°59′ N | 138°46′ E | 20 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 2 | St.B-1 | 28.2 | 24.9 | 6.8 | Cloudy | 0.6 | 32 | 184 | 17:59~18:14 | December 08 | 817.0 |
02°00′ N | 138°46′ E | 9 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | St.B-2 | 28.2 | 24.7 | 6.6 | Cloudy | 0.6 | 32/33.6 | 182 | 18:20-35 | December 08 | 819.0 |
02°00′ N | 138°46′ E | 19 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | St.B-3 | 28.2 | 25.0 | 8.1 | Cloudy | 0.6 | 32/33.6 | 192 | 18:41-56 | December 08 | 809.0 |
Without the Moderate Heat Shock (30 °C) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AcclimationTemperature | CCT | GTCC | ||||||
Females | Males | Females | Males | |||||
25 ± 0.1 °C | 14.33 ± 1.65 (17) | 13.79 ± 1.40 (17) | 10.67 ± 1.65 (17) | 11.21 ± 1.40 (17) | ||||
28 ± 0.1 °C | 14.32 ± 2.82 (26) | 13.79 ± 1.32 (27) | 13.43 ± 2.87 (26) | 13.55± 2.03 (27) | ||||
31 ± 0.1 °C # | 15.92 ± 1.88 (18) | 16.94 ±2.83 (20) | 15.08± 0.88 (18) | 15.06± 0.62 (20) | ||||
Two-way ANOVA | F-value | df | p-value | F-value | df | p-value | ||
1. Correlation with sex | 0.066 | 1 | 0.798 | 1.417 | 1 | 0.236 | ||
2. Correlation with acclimation | 16.950 | 21 | <0.001 *** | 53.232 | 2 | <0.001 *** | ||
temperature | ||||||||
#: 10 h |
After the Moderate Heat Shock (32.5 °C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
CCT | GTCC | |||
28 ± 0.1 °C + | 31 ± 0.1 °C + | 28 ± 0.1 °C + | 31 ± 0.1 °C + | |
Adults | 21.05 ±3.69 (6) | 21.90 ± 1.54 (7) | 6.95 ± 3.69 (6) | 8.99 ± 1.41 (7) |
Two-way ANOVA | ||||
1. Heat shock or not | F = 82.922, df = 1, p < 0.001 *** | F = 115.626, df = 1, p < 0.001 *** | ||
2. Acclimation temp | F = 22.246, df = 1, p < 0.001 *** | F = 90.117, df = 1, p < 0.001 *** |
Components of Specimens that Acclimated to 28 ± 0.1 °C or 31 ± 0.1 °C | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Number that Survived after 24 h of Acclimation/Initial Number) | ||||||||||||
Acclimation temp. | 28 ± 0.1 °C | 31 ± 0.1 °C | ||||||||||
H. germanus | H. micans | H. germanus | H. micans | |||||||||
Adults | 5th instars | Adults | 5th instars | Adults | 5th instars | Adults | 5th instars | |||||
F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | |||||
2 (5) | 4 (9) | 0 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 | 5 (7) | 2 (8) | 0 (2) | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
In total | 8 (17) | 7 (18) | ||||||||||
The rate of survival | 47.06 (8/17) | 38.89 (7/18) |
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Furuki, T.; Fujita, H.; Nakajo, M.; Harada, T. Temperature Acclimation Ability by an Oceanic Sea Skater, Halobatesgermanus, Inhabiting the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Insects 2018, 9, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030090
Furuki T, Fujita H, Nakajo M, Harada T. Temperature Acclimation Ability by an Oceanic Sea Skater, Halobatesgermanus, Inhabiting the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Insects. 2018; 9(3):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030090
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuruki, Takahiro, Hiroki Fujita, Mitsuru Nakajo, and Tetsuo Harada. 2018. "Temperature Acclimation Ability by an Oceanic Sea Skater, Halobatesgermanus, Inhabiting the Tropical Pacific Ocean" Insects 9, no. 3: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030090