Mosquito Innate Immunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Immune System of Mosquitoes
2.1. Physical Barriers
2.1.1. Midgut
2.1.2. Hemocele
2.1.3. Salivary Glands
2.2. Physiological Barriers to Protect Mosquitoes against Pathogens
2.2.1. Midgut-Infection Barrier
2.2.2. Midgut-Escape Barrier
2.2.3. Salivary Gland Infection Barrier and Salivary Gland Escape Barrier
2.3. Molecular Basis of Immunity
2.3.1. Recognition
2.3.2. Signaling
- Toll pathway
- IMD pathway
- JAK-STAT pathway
- RNAi
2.3.3. Modulation
2.3.4. Effectors
- AMPs
- Reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species
- Melanization
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- Phagocytosis
2.4. RNAi
2.4.1. siRNA Pathway
- Biogenesis of siRNA
- Components of the siRNA pathway
- Mechanism
2.4.2. Micro RNA in Mosquito Immunity
2.4.3. PIWI Pathway
- Source of piRNA
- Components
- piRNA characteristics and generation mechanism
- Roles
2.4.4. Viral Counter Defenses to the RNAi Pathway
3. Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kumar, A.; Srivastava, P.; Sirisena, P.; Dubey, S.K.; Kumar, R.; Shrinet, J.; Sunil, S. Mosquito Innate Immunity. Insects 2018, 9, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030095
Kumar A, Srivastava P, Sirisena P, Dubey SK, Kumar R, Shrinet J, Sunil S. Mosquito Innate Immunity. Insects. 2018; 9(3):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030095
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Ankit, Priyanshu Srivastava, PDNN Sirisena, Sunil Kumar Dubey, Ramesh Kumar, Jatin Shrinet, and Sujatha Sunil. 2018. "Mosquito Innate Immunity" Insects 9, no. 3: 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030095