Seasonal Change in Distribution and Heat Coma Temperature of Oceanic Skaters, Halobates (Insecta, Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Treatment of Specimens for Heat Coma Experiment
2.3. Heat Coma Experiment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution
3.2. Relationship between Water Temperature and the Number of Individuals Collected
3.3. Statistical Analysis on Number of Individuals Collected and Surface Water Temperature
3.4. Semi-Heat Coma Temperatures (SHCTs) and Heat Coma Temperatures (HCTs)
4. Discussion
4.1. Distribution and Habitat Temperature
4.2. Seasonal Change of Heat Tolerance as a Possible Temperature Acclimation Phenomenon
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cruise No. | Sampling Sites (Sample No.) | T | L | A | H.m. | H.g. | H.s. | H. spp. | EG | E | WT | AT | Time | Date | SAT | PD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KH-10-04 | 34°43–45′N, 140°14–24′E (1) | 645 | 239 | 406 | 16 | 34 | 595 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 27.8 | 29.8 | 20:02–22:00 | 1-Sep | 5109 | 126,248 |
KH-10-04 | 34°05–06′N, 141°21–26′E (2) | 54 | 14 | 40 | 9 | 12 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 29.1 | 26.8 | 02:09–04:00 | 2-Sep | 6012 | 8982 |
KH-10-04 | 31°11–12′N, 143°41–46′E (3) | 91 | 37 | 54 | 7 | 0 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 29.1 | 27.3 | 18:45–20:57 | 2-Sep | 6518 | 13,961 |
KH-10-04 | 30°5–8′N, 144° E30–32′E (4) | 754 | 140 | 614 | 29 | 55 | 668 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 26.8 | 02:07–03:55 | 3-Sep | 6506 | 115,893 |
KH-10-04 | 29°38′N, 147°37–40′E (5) | 418 | 147 | 271 | 1 | 0 | 408 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 28.5 | 26.3 | 18:22–20:26 | 3-Sep | 5316 | 78,631 |
KH-10-04 | 29°36′N, 147°48E (6) | 897 | 109 | 788 | 2 | 9 | 886 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | 26.3 | 01:32–03:15 | 4-Sep | 6081 | 147,509 |
KH-10-04 | 29°03′N, 151°0–4′E (7) | 326 | 65 | 261 | 8 | 4 | 314 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.6 | 26.2 | 17:42–20:04 | 4-Sep | 7167 | 45,486 |
KH-10-04 | 28°49–51′N–152°18–21′E (8) | 638 | 128 | 510 | 0 | 0 | 638 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.1 | 24.9 | 02:07–03:47 | 5-Sep | 5132 | 124,318 |
KH-10-04 | 28°08′N, 156°19–24′E (9) | 397 | 29 | 368 | 0 | 0 | 397 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.4 | 27.2 | 18:40–21:04 | 5-Sep | 5906 | 67,220 |
KH-10-04 | 27°55′N, 157°40–43′E (10) | 217 | 7 | 210 | 0 | 1 | 216 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.4 | 26.5 | 02:05–03:52 | 6-Sep | 4862 | 44,632 |
KH-10-04 | 27°17–18′N, 161°13–17′E (11) | 407 | 39 | 368 | 0 | 0 | 407 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.8 | 27.8 | 18:12–20:44 | 6-Sep | 6360 | 63,994 |
KH-10-04 | 27°0–2′N, 162°45–47′E (12) | 287 | 10 | 277 | 0 | 1 | 286 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.2 | 28.4 | 02:59–04:42 | 7-Sep | 5295 | 54,202 |
KH-10-04 | 26°25–6′N, 166°9–12′E (13) | 1145 | 253 | 892 | 0 | 0 | 1145 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.8 | 26.6 | 18:41–21:04 | 7-Sep | 6878 | 166,473 |
KH-10-04 | 26°10–11′N, 167°39–41′E (14) | 383 | 29 | 354 | 1 | 0 | 382 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.6 | 28.7 | 02:32–04:20 | 8-Sep | 5292 | 72,373 |
KH-10-04 | 25°33–5′N, 171°E–19–24E (15) | 988 | 335 | 653 | 0 | 0 | 988 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.9 | 26.3 | 18:41–21:06 | 8-Sep | 6981 | 141,527 |
KH-10-04 | 25°18–9′N, 172°41–4′E (16) | 689 | 140 | 549 | 0 | 1 | 688 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.4 | 27.8 | 02:01–03:42 | 9-Sep | 5312 | 129,706 |
KH-10-04 | 24°38–42′N, 176°25–9′E (17) | 279 | 81 | 198 | 0 | 0 | 279 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.5 | 27.2 | 18:12–20:34 | 9-Sep | 6967 | 40,046 |
KH-10-04 | 24°23–4′N, 177°E46–9′E (18) | 417 | 173 | 244 | 0 | 7 | 410 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.1 | 26.9 | 01:31–03:11 | 10A-Sep | 4484 | 92,997 |
KH-10-04 | 23°36–8°N, 178°E34–8′E (19) | 99 | 37 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.8 | 24.2 | 18:43–21:05 | 10A-Sep | 7215 | 13,721 |
KH-10-04 | 23°10–1°N, 177°E14–6′W (20) | 1594 | 685 | 909 | 0 | 0 | 1594 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.7 | 27.1 | 02:29–04:09 | 10B-Sep | 5128 | 310,842 |
KH-10-04 | 22°11–5′N, 173°48–51′E (21) | 115 | 51 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 115 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.3 | 26.3 | 18:42–20:03 | 10B-Sep | 7352 | 15,642 |
KH-10-04 | 21°48–9′N, 173°48–51′E (22) | 538 | 214 | 324 | 0 | 0 | 538 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 25.9 | 02:03–03:43 | 11-Sep | 5484 | 98,104 |
KH-10-04 | 20°49–53′N, 169°12–6′W (23) | 200 | 118 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.3 | 26.3 | 18:11–20:34 | 11-Sep | 7188 | 27,824 |
KH-10-04 | 20°20–23′N, 167°56′W (24) | 695 | 406 | 289 | 0 | 0 | 695 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 25.7 | 02:52–04:36 | 12-Sep | 5248 | 132,431 |
KH-10-04 | 19°33–5′N, 164°39–45′W (25) | 26 | 8 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26.9 | 26.8 | 18:38–21:00 | 12-Sep | 6608 | 3935 |
KH-10-04 | 19°39–40′N, 163°48–52′W (26) | 858 | 338 | 520 | 0 | 0 | 858 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26.6 | 26.4 | 03:15–05:04 | 13-Sep | 5050 | 169,901 |
KH-10-04 | In total | 13,157 | 3832 | 9325 | 73 | 124 | 12,906 | 54 | 8 | 155,451 | 84,638 | |||||
Cruise No. | Sampling sites | N | L | A | H.m. | H.g. | H.s. | H. spp. | EG | E | WT | AT | Time | Date | SAT | PD |
KH-12-1 | 24°30′N, 177°31–2′W (27) | 197 | 123 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 197 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 23.4 | 22 | 02:08–02:59 | 25-Feb | 2466 | 79,886 |
KH-12-1 | 25°17′N, 178°57–8′E (28) | 68 | 22 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23.7 | 22.4 | 20:04–20:55 | 26-Feb | 2235 | 30,425 |
KH-12-1 | 26°27–8′N, 174°14–5′E (29) | 194 | 43 | 151 | 0 | 0 | 194 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 23.5 | 23.3 | 19:31–20:23 | 27-Feb | 2568 | 75,545 |
KH-12-1 | 27°41–2′N, 169°23–4E (30) | 42 | 9 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 22.1 | 20.5 | 18:41–19:32 | 29-Feb | 2486 | 16,895 |
KH-12-1 | 30°15′N, 159°04–5′E (31) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18.9 | 18.2 | 19:34–20:25 | 2-Mar | 2420 | 0 |
KH-12-1 | 31°26–7′N, 154°06–7′E (32) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.7 | 17.5 | 18:42–19:33 | 3-Mar | 2323 | 0 |
KH-12-1 | In total | 501 | 197 | 304 | 0 | 0 | 501 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14,498 | 34,556 |
SHCT | Summer | Winter |
---|---|---|
Females | 36.1 ± 1.9 (62) | 33.7 ± 2.3 (18) |
Males | 35.8 ± 2.2 (66) | 33.7 ± 1.6 (17) |
Total | 36.0 ± 2.1(128) | 33.7 ± 2.0 (35) |
HCT | Summer | Winter |
Females | 36.8 ± 1.2 (62) | 35.5 ± 0.9 (18) |
Males | 36.4 ± 1.4 (66) | 34.6 ± 0.8 (17) |
Total | 36.6 ± 1.3 (128) | 35.1 ± 0.9 (35) |
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Harada, T.; Nakajo, M.; Furuki, T.; Umamoto, N.; Moku, M.; Sekimoto, T.; Katagiri, C. Seasonal Change in Distribution and Heat Coma Temperature of Oceanic Skaters, Halobates (Insecta, Heteroptera: Gerridae). Insects 2018, 9, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040133
Harada T, Nakajo M, Furuki T, Umamoto N, Moku M, Sekimoto T, Katagiri C. Seasonal Change in Distribution and Heat Coma Temperature of Oceanic Skaters, Halobates (Insecta, Heteroptera: Gerridae). Insects. 2018; 9(4):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040133
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarada, Tetsuo, Mitsuru Nakajo, Takahiro Furuki, Noritomo Umamoto, Masatoshi Moku, Takero Sekimoto, and Chihiro Katagiri. 2018. "Seasonal Change in Distribution and Heat Coma Temperature of Oceanic Skaters, Halobates (Insecta, Heteroptera: Gerridae)" Insects 9, no. 4: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040133