Developing Accurate Repetition Prediction Equations for Trained Older Adults with Osteopenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Testing Procedures
2.3. Participants Positioning, Device Setting
2.4. 1RM and RTF-Tests, Test Reproducibility
2.5. 1RM Prediction Equations Applied
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Coefficients of Variation of 1RM and RTF-Tests
3.3. Prediction Performance of 1RM Prediction Equations Applied to the Current Data Set
3.4. Development of a New Prediction Equation
- Regression coeffs: [9.87542505 × 10−1, 1.52700149 × 10−2, 2.78487038 × 10−3, −1.15638888 × 10−4]
- Isometric coefficient: 0.9992532650410967 (1RM Lat pulls/ISOM Lat pulls)
- Regression coeffs: [9.73559954 × 10−1, 2.71642658 × 10−2, 9.30880743 × 10−4, −4.77453474 × 10−5]
- Isometric coefficient: 0.9992532650410967 (1RM triceps dips/ISOM triceps dips)
- Regression coeffs: [1.01565994e+00, −1.30808261 × 10−2, 6.01883266 × 10−3, −2.28623800 × 10−4]
- Isometric coefficient: 0.9992532650410967 (1RM trunk extension/ISOM trunk extens.)
- Regression coeffs: [9.94961852 × 10−1, 7.31240752 × 10−3, 2.93967456 × 10−3, −1.05109010 × 10−4]
- Isometric coefficient: 0.9992532650410967 (1RM trunk flexion/ISOM trunk flexion)
- Regression coeffs: [9.99714613 × 10−1, 1.84050532 × 10−3, 3.90281962 × 10−3, −1.28405344 × 10−4]
- Isometric coefficient: 0.9992532650410967 (1RM leg extension/ISOM leg extension)
- Regression coeffs: [9.94637813 × 10−1, 7.15193846 × 10−3, 3.33621122 × 10−3, −1.09143358 × 10−4]
- Isometric coefficient: 0.9992532650410967 1RM leg flexion/ISOM leg flexion)
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brzycki [12] | 1RM = rep weight/(1.0278 − (0.0278 × reps)) |
Epley [13] | 1RM = (1 + 0.333 × reps) × rep wt |
Lander [14] | 1RM = 100 × rep wt/101.3 − 2.26123 × reps |
Mayhew et al. [15] | 1RM = 100 × rep wt/52.2 + 41.9 × exp [−0.055 × reps] |
O’Connor et al. [16] | 1RM = rep wt (1 + 0.025 × reps) |
Wathan [17] | 1RM = 100 × rep wt/(48.8 + 53.8 × exp [−0.075 × reps] |
KLW [18] | 1RM = (rep wt [0.988 − 0.0000584 × reps3 + 0.0019 × reps2 + 0.0104 × reps] |
Variable | Men (n = 17) Mean ± SD | Women (n = 23) Mean ± SD | Total Cohort Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 73.4 ± 9.0 | 71.4 ± 7.8 | 72.8 ± 7.4 |
Body mass [kg] | 80.1 ± 8.1 | 63.8 ± 10.4 | 70.7 ± 12.9 |
Body height [cm] | 176.0 ± 5.8 | 165.0 ± 8.2 | 169.7 ± 10.2 |
Total bodyfat [%] | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 30.1 ± 3.3 | 27.4 ± 3.9 |
Osteopenia/Osteoporosis [n] | 14/2 | 13/7 | 13/7 |
BMD T-Score lumbar spine (SD) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.6 |
BMD T-Score total hip (SD) | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0 |
Cardiometabolic diseases [n] | 6 | 8 | 14 |
Resistance training history [years] | 9.6 ± 2.9 | 13.1 ± 5.1 | 11.6 ± 6.4 |
Exercise | 1RM Test | Brzycki Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) | Epley Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) | Lander Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) | Mayhew Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) | O’Connor Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) | Wathan Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) | KLW Predicted 1RM Rel. Diff. (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leg press [kg] | 129.5 ± 41.1 | 140.6 ± 46.8 *** 9.1 ± 6.5 | 144.8 ± 48.0 *** 11.9 ± 6.6 | 141.9 ± 47.2 *** 9.9 ± 6.7 | 146.3 ± 48.2 *** 12.9 ± 6.1 | 138.6 ± 45.7 *** 7.6 ± 5.1 | 145.2 ± 48.3 *** 12.3 ± 6.8 | 133.7 ± 44.1 ** 5.4 ± 3.3 |
Lat pulls [kg] | 80.9 ± 30.3 | 82.1 ± 30.6 5.1 ± 4.9 | 84.9 ± 31.6 *** 6.7 ± 5.3 | 82.9 ± 30.9 5.4 ± 5.1 | 86.2 ± 32.0 *** 7.8 ± 5.3 | 81.6 ± 30.3 4.7 ± 4.1 | 85.0 ± 31.7 *** 6.9 ± 5.5 | 78.5 ± 29.1 * 4.4 ± 4.1 |
Triceps dips [kg] | 116.9 ± 42.8 | 118.8 ± 45.8 5.3 ± 3.6 | 122.8 ± 47.5 *** 6.7 ± 4.3 | 120.0 ± 46.3 * 5.5 ± 3.9 | 124.7 ± 48.4 *** 7.8 ± 4.5 | 118.0 ± 45.7 5.3 ± 3.3 | 122.9 ± 47.5 *** 6.8 ± 4.4 | 113.5 ± 43.9 * 5.2 ± 4.3 |
Trunk flexion [kg] | 48.6 ± 17.7 | 47.6 ± 19.6 9.0 ± 8.9 | 49.1 ± 20.3 9.6 ± 8.4 | 48.1 ± 19.8 8.9 ± 8.6 | 50.4 ± 20.6 9.2 ± 7.9 | 47.6 ± 19.5 8.2 ± 8.3 | 48.9 ± 20.4 10.3 ± 8.8 | 47.1 ± 17.7 8.1 ± 8.8 |
Trunk extension [kg] | 71.2 ± 19.2 | 74.9 ± 21.0 *** 6.2 ± 5.1 | 77.1 ± 21.5 *** 8.1 ± 5.9 | 75.6 ± 21.2 *** 6.6 ± 5.5 | 78.0 ± 21.6 *** 9.3 ± 5.1 | 73.9 ± 20.5 *** 4.7 ± 3.9 | 77.3 ± 21.6 *** 8.3 ± 6.4 | 71.3 ± 19.8 4.1 ± 2.8 |
Leg extension [kg] | 81.8 ± 18.2 | 85.3 ± 21.7 * 6.8 ± 5.9 | 87.9 ± 22.3 *** 8.9 ± 5.9 | 86.1 ± 21.9 ** 7.5 ± 5.9 | 89.0 ± 22.5 *** 9.9 ± 5.5 | 84.3 ± 21.3 * 6.0 ± 5.0 | 88.2 ± 22.4 *** 9.2 ± 6.2 | 81.2 ± 20.6 5.6 ± 4.7 |
Leg flexion [kg] | 62.8 ± 22.0 | 65.9 ± 25.1 ** 8.3 ± 6.0 | 67.9 ± 25.8 *** 9.9 ± 6.2 | 66.6 ± 25.4 ** 8.8 ± 6.0 | 68.5 ± 25.9 *** 10.4 ± 6.0 | 64.9 ± 24.6 * 7.0 ± 5.3 | 68.1 ± 25.9 *** 10.3 ± 6.5 | 62.6 ± 23.7 6.2 ± 5.5 |
Leg Press | Lat Pulls | Triceps Dips | Trunk Extension | Trunk Flexion | Leg Extension | Leg Flexion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTF | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) |
r15 | 6.52 ± 5.23 | 10.29 ± 5.87 | 8.22 ± 4.65 | 10.72 ± 6.33 | 11.5 ± 11.9 | 13.3 ± 10.7 | 13.9 ± 10.3 |
r10 | 4.39 ± 3.77 | 8.66 ± 5.25 | 8.49 ± 4.87 | 6.38 ± 4.60 | 8.51 ± 7.85 | 9.55 ± 7.83 | 9.69 ± 8.43 |
r8 | 4.45 ± 3.07 | 5.95 ± 4.43 | 6.30 ± 5.14 | 4.33 ± 2.49 | 5.28 ± 4.39 | 5.99 ± 4.77 | 6.38 ± 5.71 |
ISOM | 6.97 ± 6.28 | 6.90 ± 6.67 | 12.7 ± 12,8 | 13.5 ± 10.8 | 19.6 ± 14.7 | 19.1 ± 12.3 | 12.6 ± 11.4 |
ISOM + r8 | 3.72 ± 3.65 | 3.70 ± 2.29 | 5.95 ± 6.30 | 6.41 ± 5.26 | 9.52 ± 7.95 | 8.48 ± 6.20 | 7.44 ± 6.39 |
Lat Pulls | Triceps Dips | Trunk Extension | Trunk Flexion | Leg Extension | Leg Flexion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTF | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) | Rel. Diff. ± SD (%) |
r15 | 6.11 ± 5.15 | 5.65 ± 4.64 | 8.22 ± 5.82 | 12.59 ± 9.89 | 13.00 ± 8.52 | 11.29 ± 8.06 |
r10 | 5.53 ± 4.17 | 5.77 ± 4.43 | 6.06 ± 4.39 | 9.94 ± 5.66 | 8.59 ± 6.36 | 8.76 ± 6.44 |
r8 | 5.00 ± 4.18 | 5.73 ± 3,33 | 4.59 ± 2.93 | 4.82 ± 3.25 | 5.41 ± 5.18 | 6.90 ± 5.45 |
ISOM | 5.75 ± 5.32 | 7.91 ± 9.92 | 9.86 ± 9.18 | 15.5 ± 14.0 | 8.38 ± 6.28 | 13.8 ± 10.8 |
ISOM + r8 | 3.82 ± 2.76 | 5.23 ± 5.66 | 5.75 ± 4.41 | 8.38 ± 7.87 | 5.34 ± 3.97 | 8.67 ± 5.92 |
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Beia, R.; Wassermann, A.; Raps, S.; Mayhew, J.; Uder, M.; Kemmler, W. Developing Accurate Repetition Prediction Equations for Trained Older Adults with Osteopenia. Sports 2024, 12, 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090233
Beia R, Wassermann A, Raps S, Mayhew J, Uder M, Kemmler W. Developing Accurate Repetition Prediction Equations for Trained Older Adults with Osteopenia. Sports. 2024; 12(9):233. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090233
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeia, Rose, Alfred Wassermann, Sebastian Raps, Jerry Mayhew, Michael Uder, and Wolfgang Kemmler. 2024. "Developing Accurate Repetition Prediction Equations for Trained Older Adults with Osteopenia" Sports 12, no. 9: 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090233