Injuries in Novice Participants during an Eight-Week Start up CrossFit Program—A Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Sources
2.5. Outcome Variables
2.5.1. Exposure
2.5.2. Registration of Injuries
2.5.3. Injury Rate
2.5.4. Risk Factors
2.5.5. Rhabdomyolysis
2.6. Bias
2.7. Study Size
2.8. Ethics
2.9. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Exposure
3.3. Injury Incidence
3.4. Injury Rate
3.5. Risk Factors
3.6. Rhabdomyolysis
3.7. Explorative Associations
3.8. Explorative Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Results
4.1.1. Incidence and Injury Rate
4.1.2. Injury Location
4.1.3. Risk Factors
4.1.4. Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
5. Methodological Considerations
5.1. Definition of Injury
5.2. Inclusion and Response Rate
5.3. General Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lost to Follow up, n = 135 | Included in Final Analysis, n = 168 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD (95%CI) | 26.8 ± 6.6 (25.7 to 28.0) | 29.2 ± 7.9 (28.0 to 30.4) | p = 0.006 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 42 (31.1%) | 51 (30.7%) | p = 0.888 |
BMI, mean ± SD (95%CI) | 24.5 ± 5.4 (23.5 to 25.4) | 24.3 ± 2.9 (23.9 to 24.7) | p = 0.799 |
Educational level, n (%) | 9 (6.7%) | 7 (4.2%) | p = 0.045 |
Primary education | 76 (56.3%) | 71 (42.6%) | |
Secondary education | 36 (26.7%) | 57 (33.4%) | |
Tertiary | 14 (10.4%) | 32 (19.1%) | |
Master’s, Doctoral or equivalent education | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | |
“Do not know” | |||
Currently studying, n (%) | 68 (50.4%) | 86 (51.2%) | p = 0.887 |
Employed, n (%) | 93 (68.9%) | 120 (71.4%) | p = 0.631 |
Currently smoking, n (%) | 12 (8.9%) | 12 (7.2%) | p = 0.576 |
Units of alcohol per week, median (IQR) | 2 (0.2 to 5) | 2.5 (1 to 5) | p = 0.307 |
Previous primary sport, n (%) | p = 0.052 | ||
CrossFit or functional training | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (1.2%) | |
Cycling | 4 (2.9%) | 12 (7.1%) | |
Dance | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (1.2%) | |
Fitness | 43 (31.9%) | 34 (20.2%) | |
Team sports (handball, soccer etc.) | 10 (7.4%) | 25 (14.9%) | |
Gymnastics | 6 (4.4%) | 2 (1.2%) | |
Running | 19 (14.1%) | 40 (23.8%) | |
Strength training | 14 (10.4%) | 12 (7.1%) | |
Swimming | 2 (1.5%) | 5 (3.0%) | |
Yoga or Pilates | 3 (2.2%) | 5 (3.0%) | |
Other sports | 11 (8.2%) | 12 (6.6%) | |
I did not exercise previously | 14 (10.4%) | 15 (8.9%) | |
Unanswered | 6 (4.4%) | 2 (1.8%) | |
Eating habits prior to participation, n (%) | p = 0.331 | ||
Did not think about eating habits | 13 (9.6%) | 16 (9.5%) | |
Thought a little bit about eating habits | 79 (58.5%) | 107 (63.7%) | |
Thought a lot about eating habits | 37 (27.4%) | 43 (25.6%) | |
Unanswered | 6 (4.4%) | 2 (1.2%) | |
Physically active at least 30 min daily with moderate to high intensity, n (%) | 68 (50.4%) | 83 (49.4%) | p = 0.096 |
Unanswered | 10 (7.4%) | 4 (2.4%) | |
Physically active with high intensity twice a week of at least 20 min duration, n (%) | 75 (55.6%) | 99 (58.9%) | p = 0.117 |
Unanswered | 10 (7.4%) | 4 (2.4%) | |
Having pain, soreness, stiffness or swelling within the last two weeks in at least one body region prior to CrossFit, n (%) | 70 (54.26%) | 87 (52.4%) | p = 0.752 |
Risk Factor | Number of Participants | IRR (95%CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Male | n = 51 | 0.57 (0.22 to 1.53) | p = 0.266 |
Reference: female | n = 117 | ||
Higher age | n = 168 | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | p = 0.247 |
Higher BMI | n = 168 | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16) | p = 0.818 |
Higher number of weekly units of alcohol | n = 168 | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.15) | p = 0.366 |
Having pain, soreness, stiffness or swelling within the last two weeks prior to CrossFit | n = 88 | 0.87 (0.40 to 1.97) | p = 0.768 |
Reference: no problems | n = 78 | ||
Higher number of system-registered CrossFit class attendance | n = 164 | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.01) | p = 0.144 |
Higher number of reported minutes of weekly Open Gym training | n = 168 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | p = 0.811 |
Higher number of minutes reported for participation in other sports | n = 168 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | p = 0.509 |
Participated in one or two introduction classes | n = 47 | 3.04 (0.88 to 10.60) | p = 0.080 |
Participated in all introduction classes | n = 72 | 2.56 (0.68 to 9.64) | p = 0.165 |
Reference: did not participate in introduction classes | n = 47 | ||
Reported to participate in sports or exercise prior to CrossFit | n = 152 | 1.09 (0.26 to 4.62) | p = 0.912 |
Reference: did not report to participate in sports or exercise | n = 15 | ||
Reported to meet one of the physical activity recommendations | n = 60 | 1.72 (0.60 to 4.96) | p = 0.313 |
Reported to meet both of the physical activity recommendations | n = 61 | 1.39 (0.46 to 4.14) | p = 0.558 |
Reference: did not meet any of the physical activity recommendations | n = 47 |
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Larsen, R.T.; Hessner, A.L.; Ishøi, L.; Langberg, H.; Christensen, J. Injuries in Novice Participants during an Eight-Week Start up CrossFit Program—A Prospective Cohort Study. Sports 2020, 8, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8020021
Larsen RT, Hessner AL, Ishøi L, Langberg H, Christensen J. Injuries in Novice Participants during an Eight-Week Start up CrossFit Program—A Prospective Cohort Study. Sports. 2020; 8(2):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8020021
Chicago/Turabian StyleLarsen, Rasmus Tolstrup, Andreas Lund Hessner, Lasse Ishøi, Henning Langberg, and Jan Christensen. 2020. "Injuries in Novice Participants during an Eight-Week Start up CrossFit Program—A Prospective Cohort Study" Sports 8, no. 2: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8020021