Modelling of Fracture Toughness of X80 Pipeline Steels in DTB Transition Region Involving the Effect of Temperature and Crack Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Material Description
2.2. Weld Thermal Simulation Technique
2.3. The True Stress-Strain Curves
2.4. Specimen Configurations and Test Program
3. Numerical Procedures
3.1. 3D Finite Element Models
3.2. The MBL (Modified Boundary Layer) Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Measured and Calculated Load-CMOD Curves
4.2. Measured CTOD-Values and Calculated Q-CTOD Relations at Different Temperatures
4.3. Measured and Calculated CTOD-CMOD Relations
4.4. The Effect of Crack Growth on the CTOD-CMOD Relations
4.5. The Influence of 3D Effect on the Fracture Toughness
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The HAZ of X80 hardening behavior exhibits a slight effect of temperature variations, which indicates the crack tip constraint is less dependent on the temperature as also observed from 3D FEA results.
- (2)
- The predicted load-CMOD curves from 3D models are in good accordance with experimental results at all temperatures. As for the local fracture parameter, as depicted with the CTOD-CMOD relationship, the experimental data for the SENB specimens can be quite well simulated by 3D simulations without considering crack growth. For the SENT specimens, a good agreement between experiments and numerical simulations can also be obtained by considering the effect of crack growth in the 3D models.
- (3)
- The tested CTOD-values show considerable scatter but confirm well-established trends of increasing toughness with increasing temperature and reducing constraint.
- (4)
- Cleavage fracture can be clearly observed for SENB specimens at all tested temperatures, while ductile crack growth can be seen for SENT specimens at −30 °C and 0 °C.
- (5)
- From 3D finite element analyses, it has been found out that the CTODs change considerably through the specimen thickness. The predicted CTODs near the mid-thickness layer is coincident well with the experiments for the SENT specimens at 0 °C and −30 °C. The greater the distance from the specimen mid-thickness, the greater the deviation from experiments.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steel | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X80 | 0.04~0.07 | ~0.25 | ≤1.8 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | Mo, Ni, Cu, Ti, Nb, V, Al |
Specimens | Statistical Characteristics | −90 °C | −60 °C | −30 °C | 0 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SENB | Average values (mm) | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.065 | 0.152 |
Standard deviation | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.064 | 0.096 | |
Standard deviation coefficient | 0.703 | 0.392 | 0.979 | 0.632 | |
SENT | Average values (mm) | 0.125 | 0.119 | 0.658 | 0.63 |
Standard deviation | 0.055 | 0.151 | 0.284 | 0.098 | |
Standard deviation coefficient | 0.439 | 1.274 | 0.432 | 0.155 |
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Xu, J.; Song, W.; Cheng, W.; Chu, L.; Gao, H.; Li, P.; Berto, F. Modelling of Fracture Toughness of X80 Pipeline Steels in DTB Transition Region Involving the Effect of Temperature and Crack Growth. Metals 2020, 10, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010028
Xu J, Song W, Cheng W, Chu L, Gao H, Li P, Berto F. Modelling of Fracture Toughness of X80 Pipeline Steels in DTB Transition Region Involving the Effect of Temperature and Crack Growth. Metals. 2020; 10(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010028
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Jie, Wei Song, Wenfeng Cheng, Lingyu Chu, Hanlin Gao, Pengpeng Li, and Filippo Berto. 2020. "Modelling of Fracture Toughness of X80 Pipeline Steels in DTB Transition Region Involving the Effect of Temperature and Crack Growth" Metals 10, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010028