Effect of Strain Rate on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Titanium-Based Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Materials Processing
2.2. Quasi-Static and High-Strain-Rate Tests
2.3. Microstructural Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Initial Microstructure Characterization
3.2. Mechanical Response
3.2.1. Stress–Strain Behavior
3.2.2. Material Strain Energy
3.3. Deformed Microstructures Investigation
3.3.1. Microstructure Analysis of c.p.Ti
3.3.2. Microstructure Analysis of Ti64GL
3.3.3. Microstructure Analysis of Ti64LM
3.3.4. Microstructure Analysis of Ti64BEPM
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- Compressive mechanical behavior of titanium alloys is strongly dependent on the phase composition and microstructure of both the studied materials and the applied strain rate level.
- (b)
- The mechanical behavior of a two-phase α + β Ti-6-4 alloy strongly depends on the type and coarseness of the microstructure. The fine-grained Ti-6-4 alloy with a globular (equiaxed) microstructure is more ductile and has the high reserve of plasticity, which allows it to deform without fracture at the strain rate below 3320 s−1. The critical compression strain rate, at which the fracture occurred, falls to 2030 s−1, when the microstructure changed from globular to coarse-grained lamellar. The observed significantly different mechanical behavior of two structures can be explained by the nature of the interface boundaries between the structural constituents involved in plastic deformation transmission, i.e., the α/α interphase boundaries are prevalent in the globular microstructure, while α/β boundaries are predominant in the lamellar microstructure.
- (c)
- The Ti-6-4 alloy fabricated using BEPM demonstrates the reduced the size of β-grains and intragrain α- lamellae compared to the alloy with a coarse-grained lamellar microstructure produced using a conventional cast and wrought approach. The Ti64BEPM alloy demonstrates a considerably better balance of strength and plasticity under the quasi-static and dynamic compression tests, because of its finer microstructure despite of the presence of about 2% (vol.) of residual pores and higher content of impurities (oxygen and nitrogen). The residual pores do not play any negative role under compression loading in contrary to tension, since they do not work as stress concentrators.
- (d)
- Strain energy was used as a parameter to compare mechanical behavior of the studied materials. It was established that the two-phase Ti-6-4 alloy with a globular microstructure demonstrates the highest value of , which implies the largest reserve of deformability of this alloy under the compression impact at the strain rates. The Ti64 alloy produced using BEPM demonstrates a lower value of the parameter. The Ti64 alloy with coarse lamellar microstructure reveals the lowest values .
- (e)
- It was found that the strain rates increase up to 2200 s−1 cause a change in the strain localization mechanism in Ti64BEPM alloy from the macro-level (plastic flow in the sample volume, formation of adiabatic shear bands and cracks) to the micro-level (deformation within individual α-phase lamellae).
- (f)
- The structures of all the studied materials demonstrate more uniform plastic deformation and the absence of its micro-level strain localization after quasi-static compression compared to the dynamic loaded structures.
- (g)
- The Ti-6-4 alloys with a globular microstructure, fabricated using ingot metallurgy, and the Ti64BEPM alloy demonstrate higher relative (specific) values than B95 aluminum alloy, ARMOX 600T armor steel, or AHSS steel Docol 1500M.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloying Elements, wt.% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | V | Fe | O | N | Ti | |
c.p.Ti | <0.2 | - | <0.08 | 0.01 | 0.007 | Base |
Ti64LM, GL | 5.8 | 3.96 | 0.21 | 0.016 | 0.008 | Base |
Ti64 BEPM | 5.94 | 4.06 | 0.16 | 0.2 | 0.03 | Base |
## | Tensile Yield Stress [MPa] | Ultimate Tensile Stress [MPa] | El. 1 [-] | RA 2 [-] | Young Module [GPa] | Shear Module [GPa] | Poisson’s Ratio | Vickers Hardness [HV] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#1 c.p.-T | 345 | 408 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 111.5 | 46 | 0.253 | 117 |
#2 Ti64GL | 988 | 993 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 121.7 | 47 | 0.275 | 312 |
#3 Ti64LM | 824 | 865 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 121.7 | 47 | 0.275 | 309 |
#4 Ti64BEPM | 932 | 1033 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 123.0 | N/A | N/A | 339 |
Ti64GL | Ti64LM | Ti64BEPM | |
---|---|---|---|
strain at (s−1) | 0.28 (3320) | 0.17 (2030) | 0.23 (2210) |
strain at (s−1) | 0.30 (3190) | 0.19 (1950) | 0.24 (2100) |
Ti64GL | Ti64LM | Ti64BEPM | |
---|---|---|---|
grain size [μm] | 7 | 800 | 160 |
strain energy [J] | 2795 | 1594 | 2354 |
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Markovsky, P.E.; Janiszewski, J.; Bondarchuk, V.I.; Stasyuk, O.O.; Savvakin, D.G.; Skoryk, M.A.; Cieplak, K.; Dziewit, P.; Prikhodko, S.V. Effect of Strain Rate on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Titanium-Based Materials. Metals 2020, 10, 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111404
Markovsky PE, Janiszewski J, Bondarchuk VI, Stasyuk OO, Savvakin DG, Skoryk MA, Cieplak K, Dziewit P, Prikhodko SV. Effect of Strain Rate on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Titanium-Based Materials. Metals. 2020; 10(11):1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111404
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkovsky, Pavlo E., Jacek Janiszewski, Vadim I. Bondarchuk, Oleksandr O. Stasyuk, Dmytro G. Savvakin, Mykola A. Skoryk, Kamil Cieplak, Piotr Dziewit, and Sergey V. Prikhodko. 2020. "Effect of Strain Rate on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Titanium-Based Materials" Metals 10, no. 11: 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111404