Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Nanostructured Bainitic Cast Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Establishing Heat Treatment Conditions
3.2. Microstructural Characterization
3.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Folgarait, P.; Saccocco, A.; De Ro, A.; Eisenkolb, B. Bainitic steels for new rail materials; Publications Office of the EU: Luxemburg, 2006; ISSN 1018-5593.
- Caballero, F.; Santofimia, M.; Capdevila, C.; Garcia de Andres, C.; Zajac, S.; Allain, S.; Iung, T.; Couturier, A.; Drillet, J.; Quidort, D.; et al. Novel high strength, high toughness carbide-free bainitic steels. In Technical Steel Research Publications; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, 2007; p. 137, ISSN 1018-5593. [Google Scholar]
- Caballero, F.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Cornide, J.; Allain, S.; Puerta, J.; Crouvizier, M.; Mastrorillo, T.; Jantzen, L.; Vuorinen, E.; Lindgren, L.; et al. New advanced ultra-high strength bainitic steels: Ductility and formability. In Research Found for Coal and Steel, Technical Steel Research; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, 2013; p. 123, ISSN 1831-9424. [Google Scholar]
- Sourmail, T.; Smanio, V.; Ziegler, C.; Heuer, V.; Kuntz, M.; Caballero, F.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Cornide, J.; Elvira, R.; Leiro, A.; et al. Novel nanostructured bainitic steel grades to answer the need for high-performance steel components (Nanobain). In Research Found for Coal and Steel, Technical Steel Research; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, 2013; p. 123, ISSN 1831-9424. [Google Scholar]
- Janisch, R.; Rementiera, R.; Caballero, F.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Danoix, F.; Pizarro-Sanz, R.; Sampath, S.; Morales-Rivas, L.; Sourmail, T.; Kuntz, M.; et al. Understanding basic mechanism to optimize and predict in service properties of nanobainitic steels (MECBAIN). In Research Found for Coal and Steel, Technical Steel Research; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, 2017; p. 167, ISSN 1831-9424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pujante, J.; Casellas, D.; Sourmail, T.; Caballero, F.; Rementeria, R.; Soto, A.; Llanos, J.; Vuorinen, E.; Prakash, B.; Hardell, J.; et al. Novel Nano-Structured Bainitic Steels for Enhanced Durability of Wear Resistant Components: Microstructural Optimisation through Simulative Wear and Field Tests (BAINWEAR). In Research Found for Coal and Steel, Technical Steel Research; Publications Office of the EU: Luxembourg, 2019; p. 147, ISSN 1831-9424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhadeshia, H. Bainite in Steels: Theory and Practice; Maney Publishing: Leeds, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Sourmail, T.; Caballero, F. Bainitic Steel: Nanostructured. In Encycplopedia of Iron Steel and Their Alloys; CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2016; pp. 271–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornide, J.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Capdevila, C.; Caballero, F. An assessment of the contributing factors to the nanoscale structural refinement of advanced bainitic steels. J. Alloy. Compd. 2013, 577, S43–S47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F. Nanocrystalline Bainitic Steels for Industrial Applications. In Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2017; pp. 707–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Sourmail, T.; Caballero, F.; Smanio, V.; Kuntz, M.; Ziegler, C.; Leiro, A.; Vuorinen, E.; Elvira, R.; Teeri, T. Nanostructured steel industrialization: Plausible reality. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2014, 30, 1071–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F.; Bhadeshia, H. Development of hard bainite. ISIJ Int. 2003, 43, 1238–1243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Avishan, B.; Yazdani, S.; Caballero, F.; Wang, T.; Garcia-Mateo, C. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties in two different nanostructured bainitic steels. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2015, 31, 1508–1520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F. Ultra-high-strength bainitic steels. ISIJ Int. 2005, 45, 1736–1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F. Advanced High Strength Bainitic Steels. In Comprehensive Materials Processing; Elsevier Ltd: Amsterdam, The Netherland, 2014; Chapter 9; pp. 165–190. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F.; Sourmail, T.; Kuntz, M.; Cornide, J.; Smanio, V.; Elvira, R. Tensile behaviour of a nanocrystalline bainitic steel containing 3 wt% silicon. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2012, 549, 185–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F.; Sourmail, T.; Smanio, V.; Garcia de Andres, C. Industrialized nanocrystalline bainitic steels. Design approach. Int. J. Mater. Res. 2014, 105, 725–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morales-Rivas, L.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Sourmail, T.; Kuntz, M.; Rementeria, R.; Caballero, F. Ductility of Nanostructured Bainite. Metals 2016, 6, 302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morales-Rivas, L.; Yen, h.; Huang, B.; Kuntz, M.; Caballero, F.; Yang, J.; Garcia-Mateo, C. Tensile Response of Two Nanoscale Bainite Composite-Like Structures. J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 2015, 67, 2223–2235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leiro, A.; Vuorinen, E.; Sundin, K.; Prakash, B.; Sourmail, T.; Smanio, V.; Caballero, F.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Elvira, R. Wear of nano-structured carbide-free bainitic steels under dry rolling-sliding conditions. Wear 2013, 298, 42–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rementeria, R.; Aranda, M.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F. Improving wear resistance of steels through nanocrystalline structures obtained by bainitic transformation. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2016, 32, 308–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voigt, R.; Bendaly, R.; Janowak, J.; Park, Y. Development of Austempered High Silicon Cast Steels. AFS Trans. 1985, 93, 453–462. [Google Scholar]
- Putatunda, S. Austempering of a Silicon Manganese Cast Steel. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2001, 16, 743–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Li, Y. Effects of Ti, V, and rare earth on the mechanical properties of austempered high silicon cast steel. Met. Mater. Trans. A 2006, 37, 3215–3220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Son, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, W.; Ye, B. Effects of austempering conditions on the microstructures and mechanical properties in Fe-0.9%C-2.3%Si-0.3%Mn steel. Met. Mater. Int. 2010, 16, 357–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, C.; Yanxiang, L. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel. China Foundry 2013, 10, 156–161. [Google Scholar]
- Caballero, F.; Capdevila, C.; Garcia De Andrés, C. Modelling of kinetics of austenite formation in steels with different initial microstructures. ISIJ Int. 2000, 41, 1093–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sourmail, T.; Smanio, V. Determination of Ms temperature: Methods, meaning and influence of slow start phenomenon. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2013, 29, 883–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trzaska, J. Empirical Formula for the calculation of austenite supercooled transformation temperatures. Arch. Met. Mater. 2015, 60, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santajuana, M.; Eres-Castellanos, A.; Ruiz-Jimenez, V.; Allain, S.; Geandier, G.; Caballero, F.; Garcia-Mateo, C. Quantitative Assessment of the Time to End Bainitic Transformation. Metals 2019, 9, 925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- ASTM E8/E8M-16ae1. Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016; Available online: www.astm.org (accessed on 10 October 2019). [CrossRef]
- ASTM E23–18. Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018; Available online: www.astm.org (accessed on 9 August 2019). [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Jimenez, J.; Lopez-Ezquerra, B.; Rementeria, R.; Morales-Rivas, L.; Kuntz, M.; Caballero, F. Analyzing the scale of the bainitic ferrite plates by XRD, SEM and TEM. Mater. Charact. 2016, 122, 83–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, B.; Bhadeshia, H. Estimation of bainite plate-thickness in low-alloy steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1998, 245, 72–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F.; Miller, M.; Jimenez, J. On measurement of carbon content in retained austenite in a nanostructured bainitic steel. J. Mater. Sci. 2012, 47, 1004–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balzar, D.; Audebrand, N.; Daymond, M.R.; Fitch, A.; Hewat, A.; Langford, J.I.; Le Bail, A.; Louer, D.; Masson, O.; McCowan, C.N.; et al. Size-Strain Line-Broadening Analysis of the Ceria Round-Robin Sample. J. Appl. Cryst. 2004, 37, 911–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tenaglia, N.E.; Massone, J.M.; Boeri, R.E.; Speer, J.G. Effect of microsegregation on carbide-free bainitic transformation in a high-silicon cast steel. Mater. Sci. Tech. 2020, 36, 690–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strangwood, M.; Bhadeshia, H. The mechanism of acicular ferrite formation in steel weld deposits. In Advances in Welding Science and Technology; ASM International: Park, OH, USA, 1987; pp. 209–213. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, J.; Bhadeshia, H. Thermodynamics of the acicular ferrite transformation in alloy-steel weld deposits. In Advances in Welding Science and Technology; ASM International: Metals Park, OH, USA, 1987; pp. 187–191. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, S.; Hattori, N.; Enomoto, M.; Tarui, T. Ferrite nucleation at ceramic/austenite interfaces. ISIJ Int. 1996, 36, 1301–1309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarma, D.; Karasev, A.; Jönsson, P. On the role of non-metallic inclusions in the nucleation of acicular ferrite in steels. ISIJ Int. 2009, 49, 1063–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Jimenez, J.; Yen, H.; Miller, M.; Morales-Rivas, L.; Kuntz, M.; Ringer, S.; Yang, J.; Caballero, F. Low temperature bainitic ferrite: Evidence of carbon super-saturation and tetragonality. Acta Mater. 2015, 91, 162–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Santajuana, M.A.; Rementeria, R.; Kuntz, M.; Jimenez, J.A.; Caballero, F.G.; Garcia-Mateo, C. Low-temperature bainite: A thermal stability study. Met. Mater. Trans. A 2018, 49, 2026–2036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F. Understanding the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Bainite. Handb. Mech. Nanostructuring 2015, 1, 35–65. [Google Scholar]
- Pierce, D.T.; Jiménez, J.A.; Bentley, J.; Raabe, D.; Wittig, J.E. The influence of stacking fault energy on the microstructural and strain-hardening evolution of Fe-Mn-Al-Si steels during tensile deformation. Acta Mater. 2015, 100, 178–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bäumer, A.; Jiménez, J.A.; Bleck, W. Effect of temperature and strain rate on strain hardening and deformation mechanisms of high manganese austenitic steels. Int. J. Mater. Res. 2010, 101, 705–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacques, P.J.; Girault, E.; Harlet, P.; Delanny, F. The developments of cold-rolled trip-assisted multiphase steels. Low silicon trip-assisted multiphase steels. ISIJ Int. 2001, 41, 1061–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chatterjee, S.; Wang, H.S.; Yang, J.R.; Bhadeshia, H. Mechanical stabilization of austenite. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2006, 22, 641–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.; Edmonds, D.V. The bainite transformation in a silicon steel. Met. Mater. Trans. A 1979, 10, 895–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherif, M.Y.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Sourmail, T.; Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. Stability of retained austenite in TRIP-assisted steels. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2004, 20, 319–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stringfellow, R.G.; Parks, D.M.; Olson, G.B.A. Constitutive model for transformation plasticity accompanying strain-induced martensitic transformations in metastable austenitic steels. Acta Met. Mater. 1992, 40, 1703–1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lani, F.; Furnemont, Q.; Van Rompaey, T.; Delannay, F.; Jacques, P.J.; Pardoen, T. Multiscale mechanics of TRIP- assisted multiphase steels: II micromechanical modelling. Acta Mater. 2007, 55, 3695–3705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caballero, F.G.; Morales-Rivas, L.; Garcia-Mateo, C. Retained Austenite: Stability in a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel. In Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys; CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2016; pp. 3077–3087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, F.; Wu, K. Isothermal transformation of low temperature super bainite. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 146–147, 1843–1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morales-Rivas, L.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Kuntz, M.; Sourmail, T.; Caballero, F.G. Induced martensitic transformation during tensile test in nanostructured bainitic steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2016, 662, 169–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morales-Rivas, L.; Gonzalez-Orive, A.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Hernandez-Creus, A.; Caballero, F.G.; Vazquez, L. Nanomechanical characterization of nanostructured bainitic steel: Peak force microscopy and nanoindentation with AFM. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 17164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- García-Mateo, C.; Caballero, F. The Role of Retained Austenite on Tensile Properties of Steels with Bainitic Microstructures. Mater. Trans. 2005, 46, 1839–1846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Tiso, °C | 250 | 300 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time, h | 4 (tf) | 8 (2 × tf) | 1 (tf) | 2 (2 × tf) | |
Bainitic ferrite, αb | Tetragonality, c/a | 1.0088 | 1.0085 | 1.0083 | 1.0077 |
Volume %, ± 3% | 86.2 | 87.3 | 83.6 | 85.5 | |
Microstrain, εα, % | 0.0022 | 0.0023 | 0.0022 | 0.0021 | |
Blocks of austenite, γb | Lattice parameter, Å | 3.610 | 3.613 | 3.616 | 3.620 |
Carbon concentration, wt %, ± 0.12% | 0.94 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.24 | |
Volume %, ± 3% | 6.8 | 5.1 | 7.7 | 6.6 | |
Microstrain, εγ, % | 0.0031 | 0.0029 | 0.0021 | 0.0020 | |
Austenite films, γf | Lattice parameter, Å | 3.632 | 3.631 | 3.633 | 3.632 |
Carbon concentration, wt %, ± 0.12% | 1.60 | 1.57 | 1.63 | 1.60 | |
Volume %, ± 3% | 7.0 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 7.9 | |
Crystallite size, Dγ, nm | 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 |
Tiso, °C | Time, h | Hardness, HRC | UTS, MPa | YS, MPa | TE, % | IT, J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
250 | 4 (tf) | 55.2 ± 0.7 | 1897 ± 83 | 1807 ± 47 | 3 ± 1 | 9.8 ± 1.7 |
8 (2 × tf) | 55.4 ± 0.4 | 1918 ± 121 | 1859 ± 85 | 2 ± 1 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | |
300 | 1 (tf) | 51.6 ± 0.3 | 1786 ± 18 | 1618 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 17.7 ± 0.6 |
2 (2 × tf) | 51.5 ± 0.3 | 1749 ± 6 | 1629 ± 12 | 9 ± 3 | 17.4 ± 2.1 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Santacruz-Londoño, A.F.; Rios-Diez, O.; Jiménez, J.A.; Garcia-Mateo, C.; Aristizábal-Sierra, R. Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Nanostructured Bainitic Cast Steel. Metals 2020, 10, 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050612
Santacruz-Londoño AF, Rios-Diez O, Jiménez JA, Garcia-Mateo C, Aristizábal-Sierra R. Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Nanostructured Bainitic Cast Steel. Metals. 2020; 10(5):612. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050612
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantacruz-Londoño, Andrés Felipe, Oscar Rios-Diez, José A. Jiménez, Carlos Garcia-Mateo, and Ricardo Aristizábal-Sierra. 2020. "Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Nanostructured Bainitic Cast Steel" Metals 10, no. 5: 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050612