Minimal Invasive Diagnostic Capabilities and Effectiveness of CFRP-Patches Repairs in Long-Term Operated Metals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- How can we detect damage caused by material degradation using non-destructive or minimally invasive inspection at the operational level?
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- How long can structures, mostly old steel structures, be operated under fatigue loads, and how can their service life be effectively extended temporarily until further repairs and renovations?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Corrosion Tests and Electrochemical Indicators of the Degradation Processes Activity
2.2. Fracture Toughness Tests
2.3. Concept of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) Patches Strengthening and Numerical Analysis
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Corrosion Resistance
3.2. Fracture Toughness Analysis: J Integral
3.3. Fatigue Crack Growth Test Results
4. Conclusions
- shifting of polarization curves and change of electrochemical parameters are a good indicator to evaluate the operating condition of metals in the presented case puddle iron (19th century);
- in the case of puddle iron (and early mild steels), comparative analysis in the post-operated and normalized state—in the absence of material in the virgin state—is a reasonable solution to confirm the presence of microstructural degradation phenomena;
- application of modern adhesive solutions and CFRP patches allow effectively decelerating the development of fatigue cracking, which was confirmed numerically and experimentally. A prerequisite is to design the hybrid joint (metal + composite) correctly using numerical methods;
- further work will aim to establish the relationship between the fracture mechanism and diagnostic methods of structural elements subjected to multi-axial stress; and
- the future linking of changes in the electrochemical parameters of steel to the progress of degradation is also a further condition for the development of a diagnostic system for long term-operated materials, which requires even more experimental work. However, this study has shown the possible direction of further research.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | C | Mn | Si | P | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
puddle iron for fatigue crack growth rate (bridge from Bayonne, France) marked as “A” | <0.01 | <0.02 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.054 |
Puddle iron from Main Railway Station (Wrocław, Poland) marked as “B” | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.048 |
typical values for puddle irons | <0.8 | 0.4 | n/a | <0.6 | <0.04 |
typical values for old mild steels | <0.15 | 0.2 ÷ 0.5 | Variable | <0.06 | <0.15 |
E1 [GPa] | E2 [GPa] | ν12 | G12 [GPa] | G13 [GPa] | G23 [GPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
170 | 17 | 0.17 | 7.24 | 7.24 | 4.94 |
E [GPa] | ν [–] | tu,I [MPa] | tu,II [MPa] | JIC [N/mm] | JIIC [N/mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
11.5 | 0.3 | 30 | 18 | 0.35 | 1.1 |
Crack Length | CT Specimen | CT Specimen + CFRP Patch | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K [MPa*m0.5] | Dif. (%) | K [MPa*m0.5] | Dif. (%) | ||
a [mm] | Analytical | Numerical VCCT | Numerical VCCT | ||
15.5 | 22.8 | 23.0 | 0.9% | 20.7 | 9.0% |
18.5 | 26.6 | 26.3 | 0.9% | 22.0 | 17.1% |
21.5 | 31.1 | 30.5 | 2.1% | 23.4 | 24.8% |
24.5 | 37.0 | 36.0 | 2.7% | 25.0 | 32.3% |
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Lesiuk, G.; Pedrosa, B.A.S.; Zięty, A.; Błażejewski, W.; Correia, J.A.F.O.; De Jesus, A.M.P.; Fragassa, C. Minimal Invasive Diagnostic Capabilities and Effectiveness of CFRP-Patches Repairs in Long-Term Operated Metals. Metals 2020, 10, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070984
Lesiuk G, Pedrosa BAS, Zięty A, Błażejewski W, Correia JAFO, De Jesus AMP, Fragassa C. Minimal Invasive Diagnostic Capabilities and Effectiveness of CFRP-Patches Repairs in Long-Term Operated Metals. Metals. 2020; 10(7):984. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070984
Chicago/Turabian StyleLesiuk, Grzegorz, Bruno A. S. Pedrosa, Anna Zięty, Wojciech Błażejewski, Jose A. F. O. Correia, Abilio M. P. De Jesus, and Cristiano Fragassa. 2020. "Minimal Invasive Diagnostic Capabilities and Effectiveness of CFRP-Patches Repairs in Long-Term Operated Metals" Metals 10, no. 7: 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070984