Effects of Multi-Axial Compression on the Mechanical and Fretting Wear Properties of Ti-45Nb Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. MAC Processing
2.3. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
2.4. Fretting Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure Evolution
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Fretting Wear Behavior
3.3.1. Friction Coefficient
3.3.2. Wear Profile and Volume Wear Rate
3.3.3. Fretting Wear Surface Analysis
4. Conclusions
- MAC significantly refined the grain size of the Ti-45Nb alloy and produced UFG microstructures with average grain sizes of approximately 0.3 μm (300 nm) for the MAC-9 sample, 0.2 μm (200 nm) for the MAC-18 sample, and approximately 0.1 μm (100 nm) for the MAC-27 sample compared to the MAC-0 sample with a grain size of approximately 15 μm. The dislocation density also increased from 7.09 × 1016/m2 to 5.16 × 1018/m2 after 27 passes MAC processing.
- MAC significantly improved the tensile strength and hardness of Ti-45Nb alloys. At the same time, the elongation of all samples remained above 9%, showing good strength and ductility.
- MAC reduced the fretting wear of Ti-45Nb samples which can be mainly attributed to the following aspects:
- (1)
- MAC reduced the COF of the samples, indicating that the samples processed by MAC have better lubricity and wear resistance;
- (2)
- MAC reduced the wear rates, which was attributed to the transformation of the wear mechanism in the wear scar: the severe adhesive wear, fatigue wear, and oxidative wear of the MAC-0 sample switch into slight abrasive wear and adhesive wear, accompanied by slight oxidative wear of the MAC sample after 27 passes;
- (3)
- After MAC processing, the shape of the wear debris in the wear area changed from large-size flakes to small-size spherical debris particles that moved in the form of “rolling” and acted as a third body to bear pressure and reduce friction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | The area of the wear debris | mm2 |
A | The adhesion area | mm2 |
BF | Bright-field | - |
CG | Coarse-grained | - |
COF | Friction coefficient | - |
CP | Commercial pure | - |
d | Grain size | μm |
DF | Dark-field | - |
ECAP | Equal-channel angular pressing | - |
EDS | Energy dispersive spectrometry | - |
f | Friction coefficient | 1 |
F | The friction force | N |
The height after deformation | mm | |
The original height of the MAC samples | mm | |
Hardness constant | Hv | |
HPT | High pressure torsion | - |
ICP-OES | Inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry | - |
Volume wear rate | mm3.N−1.mm−1 | |
Km | Material properties dependant coefficient | 1 |
A slope of the Hall-Petch relation | 1 | |
A slope of the Hall-Petch relation | 1 | |
MAC | Multi-axial compression | - |
OM | Optical microscopy | - |
pe | The furrow force per unit area | N.mm−2 |
Pe | The furrow force in the friction process | N.mm−2 |
RT | Room temperature | ℃ |
S | The total sliding distance | mm |
S | The furrow area | mm2 |
SAED | Selected area electron diffraction | - |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy | - |
SPD | Severe plastic deformation | - |
T | The shear force in the friction process | N |
TEM | Transmission electron microscopy | - |
UFG | Ultra-fine-grained | - |
UTS | Ultimate tensile strength | MPa |
The load | N | |
XRD | X-ray diffraction | - |
YS | Yield strength | MPa |
α | Material dependent constant | 1 |
β | Coefficient related to surface properties | 1 |
Elongation | % | |
ΔV | The wear volume | mm3 |
Accumulative strain | 1 | |
ρ | Dislocation density | m−2 |
Strength constant | MPa | |
Yield strength | MPa | |
Yield strength | MPa | |
τb | The shear strength of the adhesion node | MPa |
Ψ | Reduction of area | % |
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Element | Ti | Nb | O | N | H | C | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (wt %) | Balance | 44.83 | 0.095 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.028 | 0.024 |
Sample | MAC-0 | MAC-9 | MAC-18 | MAC-27 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average grain size (µm) | ~ 15 | ~ 0.3 | ~ 0.2 | ~ 0.1 |
UTS (MPa) | 410 ± 13 | 654 ± 18 | 699 ± 14 | 781 ± 11 |
YS (MPa) | 401 ± 12 | 595 ± 23 | 634 ± 21 | 707 ± 19 |
Elongation δ(%) | 19.8 ± 1.2 | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 10.8 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 1.0 |
Reduction of area Ψ (%) | 77.9 ± 4.6 | 48.3 ± 2.3 | 37.8 ± 1.9 | 37 ± 1.5 |
Dislocation density ρ(1/m2) | 7.09 × 1016 | 4.52 × 1017 | 2.20 × 1018 | 5.16 × 1018 |
Hardness (Hv) | 144.5 ± 3.0 | 189.5 ± 15.5 | 222.7 ± 6.2 | 245.5 ± 3.6 |
Average COF | 0.424 | 0.403 | 0.397 | 0.39 |
Wear rate (10−3 mm3.N−1.mm−1) | 10.39 | 9.88 | 8.33 | 6.20 |
Region (wt %) | Ti | Nb | O | C |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 48 | 42 | - | 10 |
B | 19 | 18 | 31 | 32 |
C | 44 | 38 | 8 | 10 |
D | 45 | 37 | 10 | 8 |
E | 47 | 41 | 12 | - |
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Xu, Z.; Hu, N.; Lu, Y.; Xu, X. Effects of Multi-Axial Compression on the Mechanical and Fretting Wear Properties of Ti-45Nb Alloys. Metals 2021, 11, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030454
Xu Z, Hu N, Lu Y, Xu X. Effects of Multi-Axial Compression on the Mechanical and Fretting Wear Properties of Ti-45Nb Alloys. Metals. 2021; 11(3):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030454
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Zhuoqing, Nan Hu, Yuan Lu, and Xiaochang Xu. 2021. "Effects of Multi-Axial Compression on the Mechanical and Fretting Wear Properties of Ti-45Nb Alloys" Metals 11, no. 3: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030454