Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a CFRP Fatigue Strengthening for Stringer-Floor Beam Connections in a 19th Century Riveted Railway Bridge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Global FE Model of Redondela Bridge
2.1. Bridge Description
2.2. Bridge Numerical Model
3. Stringer-Floor Beam Connection Specimens
3.1. Description of Test Specimens
3.2. Materials Properties
3.3. Test Set-Up and Instrumentation
4. Local FE Model of Stringer-Floor Beam Connection
4.1. Model Description
4.2. Calibration of Local FE Model
4.3. Results from Global-Local FE Models
5. Design of CFRP Strengthening to Prevent Fatigue Crack Initiation
5.1. Fatigue Criteria: CLD Method
5.2. CFRP Design by Local FE Model and CLD Method
5.3. Experimental Validation of CFRP Strengthening
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Top/Bottom Chords | Diagonals | ||
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 2L90 × 90 × 13 + #450 × 13 + #500 × 13 | D1 | 2L75 × 75 × 7 |
C2 | 2L90 × 90 × 13 + #450 × 13 + 2#500 × 13 | D2 | 2L80 × 80 × 9 |
C3 | 2L90 × 90 × 13 + #450 × 13 + 2#500 × 13 + #500 × 14 | D3 | 2L80 × 80 × 10 |
C4 | 2L90 × 90 × 13 + #450 × 13 + 2#500 × 13 + #500 × 14 + #500 × 10 | D4 | 2L80 × 80 × 10 + #160 × 10 |
- | - | D5 | 2L80 × 80 × 13 + #160 × 12 |
- | - | D6 | 2L90 × 90 × 13 + #180 × 14 |
Load Model | P (kN) | Q (kN) | q (kN/m) |
---|---|---|---|
UIC Load Model 71 | 250 | - | 80 |
Spanish Standard 1902 | 130 | 105 | - |
335 locomotive + JJ92 wagons | 205 | 225 | - |
Mechanical Property | Puddle Iron | Rivets | S275 Steel | Grade 6.8 Bolt |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile modulus (GPa) | 198 | 198 | 210 | 210 |
Yield strength (MPa) | 313 | 313 | 275 | 440 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 367 | 367 | 430 | 600 |
Train Load Model | K | MC | εmax, FEM(1) |
---|---|---|---|
kNm/rad | kNm | μm | |
UIC Load Model 71 | 10,650 | 17.54 | 1439 |
Spanish Standard 1902 | 11,540 | 10.64 | 669 |
Renfe 335 Series + JJ92 wagons | 11,264 | 15.19 | 1103 |
Fiber | E1 | E2 | ν12 | G12 | G13 | G23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF1 | 117,146 (1) | 11,853 | 0.322 (1) | 3285 | 3285 | 2968 |
CF2 | 183,605 (1) | 10,950 | 0.328 (1) | 3034 | 3034 | 2749 |
Fiber | F1t | F1c | F2t | F2c | S1 | S2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF1 | 1932 (1) | 487 | 49.6 | 49.6 | 55.0 | 55.0 |
CF2 | 1663 (1) | 476 | 50.5 | 50.5 | 55.3 | 55.3 |
Lam. | Stacking Sequence | Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|
L1 | [45°/–45°2/45°/0°/90°/0°]s | 5.20 |
L2 | [45°/–45°2/45°2/–45°/0°/90°2/0°]s | 7.48 |
L3 | [45°/–45°2/45°2/–45°2/45°/0°/90°2/0°/0°2]s | 10.40 |
UIC 71 | Renfe S335 | Spanish Standard 1902 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local FE Model | σm (MPa) | σa (MPa) | σm (MPa) | σa (MPa) | σm (MPa) | σa (MPa) |
Non-strengthened | 150.48 | 134.44 | 117.22 | 101.18 | 74.25 | 58.21 |
Laminate L1 | 122.27 | 106.23 | 97.72 | 81.68 | - | - |
Laminate L2 | 113.46 | 97.42 | 92.27 | 76.23 | - | - |
Laminate L3 | 106.92 | 90.88 | 86.13 | 70.09 | - | - |
Test Specimen | σm (MPa) | σa (MPa) |
---|---|---|
Non-strengthened | 127.12 | 111.08 |
CFRP-strengthened | 102.76 | 86.72 |
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Jimenez-Vicaria, J.D.; Gomez-Pulido, M.D.; Castro-Fresno, D. Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a CFRP Fatigue Strengthening for Stringer-Floor Beam Connections in a 19th Century Riveted Railway Bridge. Metals 2021, 11, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040603
Jimenez-Vicaria JD, Gomez-Pulido MD, Castro-Fresno D. Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a CFRP Fatigue Strengthening for Stringer-Floor Beam Connections in a 19th Century Riveted Railway Bridge. Metals. 2021; 11(4):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040603
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimenez-Vicaria, J. David, M. Dolores Gomez-Pulido, and Daniel Castro-Fresno. 2021. "Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a CFRP Fatigue Strengthening for Stringer-Floor Beam Connections in a 19th Century Riveted Railway Bridge" Metals 11, no. 4: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040603