Dynamic Hardening of AISI 304 Steel at a Wide Range of Strain Rates and Its Application to Shot Peening Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Quasi-Static State Test
2.2. Intermediate Strain Rate Test
2.3. High Strain Rate Test
2.4. Ultra-High Strain Rate Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental–Numerical Hybrid Inverse Optimization
3.2. Hardening Curves at a Wide Range of Strain Rates
3.3. Application to Shot Peening Simulation
4. Conclusions
- Various experiments were carried out to investigate strain rate hardening behavior with various kinds of testing machines: The INSTORON 5583 for the quasi-static state; the HSMTM for intermediate strain rate tests; the TSHB for the high strain rate tests; and the Taylor impact test for ultra-high strain rate tests. To obtain proper stress–strain curves, the DIC (Digital Image Correlation method) was utilized to obtain the strain during the three tests, which was synchronized with the load. The results from the Taylor impact tests were used to calibrate the stress–strain curves properly at ultra-high strain rates.
- Hardening curves in the quasi-static state and at high strain rates are directly obtained from experiments and those in the ultra-high strain-rate region are evaluated with an experimental–numerical hybrid inverse optimization method by comparison of the simulation result with the experimental result. Hardening curves calibrated demonstrate that the strain rate hardening is lower than extrapolated ones with the extended Lim–Huh model. Thus, the strain rate sensitivity of the AISI 304 steel is less than that predicted from extrapolation of the model and this calibration process is necessary to obtain correct data.
- The novel material properties of the AISI 304 steel at various strain rates are applied to shot peening simulation with a single shot impingement as a demonstration example. The simulation result is compared to the one considering the static properties only. Residual stress distribution shows the similarity in its distribution, but the maximum magnitude of the compressive residual stress shows the difference of 1.32 times higher than that with the static properties. It is concluded from the comparison that the material properties considering the strain rate effect are useful in simulation where high strain rate deformation is expected even for a material which has relatively low strain rate hardening.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Uniaxial stress, uniaxial strain, and uniaxial strain rate of a specimen in a SHB test | |
Uniaxial strain of a transmitted bar and a reflected bar in a SHB test | |
Longitudinal length and cross section area of a gauge region | |
Elastic modulus, stress wave velocity, and cross section area of a split-Hopkinson bar | |
Equivalent stress and equivalent strain | |
Material constants of the Swift hardening model | |
Material constants for strain rate effect of the Lim–Huh model | |
Temperature, melting temperature, room temperature, andtemperature change of a specimen | |
Material constants for thermal softening effect of the extended Lim–Huh model | |
Stress obtained from experiments and stress in the isothermal state | |
Material properties for temperature change calculation | |
Yield stress at a wide range of strain rates and at the reference strain rate for inverse optimization | |
Reference strain rate for inverse optimization | |
Objective function for inverse optimization | |
Deign variables for inverse optimization | |
Diameter at the contact surface of the specimen in a Taylor impact test from finite element analysis and experiment | |
Distance from the contact surface to the other end of the specimen in a Taylor impact test from finite element analysis and experiment | |
HSMTM | High Speed Material Testing Machine, material tests for intermediate strain rates. |
TSBH | Tensile Split-Hopkinson Bar, material tests for high strain rates. |
Appendix A
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Lee, S.; Yu, K.; Huh, H.; Kolman, R.; Arnoult, X. Dynamic Hardening of AISI 304 Steel at a Wide Range of Strain Rates and Its Application to Shot Peening Simulation. Metals 2022, 12, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030403
Lee S, Yu K, Huh H, Kolman R, Arnoult X. Dynamic Hardening of AISI 304 Steel at a Wide Range of Strain Rates and Its Application to Shot Peening Simulation. Metals. 2022; 12(3):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030403
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sungbo, Kwanghyun Yu, Hoon Huh, Radek Kolman, and Xavier Arnoult. 2022. "Dynamic Hardening of AISI 304 Steel at a Wide Range of Strain Rates and Its Application to Shot Peening Simulation" Metals 12, no. 3: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030403