A Study on the Thermo-Mechanical History, Residual Stress, and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Process Parameter | General Effect on RS | References |
---|---|---|
Laser power, P ※ | Higher power results in higher RS | [18,19,20,46] |
Scan speed, v ※ | Higher speed results in lower RS | [18,21,46,47,48] |
Layer thickness ※ | A thicker layer lowers the RS | [23,24] |
Substrate heating | Higher temperatures result in lower RS | [29,47,48,49,50,51] |
Scan orientation | Affects the RS distribution and the RS magnitude | [25,52,53,54] |
Interlayer dwelling time | Material dependent. Affects the RS magnitude | [50,55] |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Processing Parameters
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. Thermo-mechanical Simulations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermo-Mechanical History
3.2. The Effect of Process Factors on Residual Stress
3.3. Reducing Residual Stress through Optimization
3.4. Structural Characterization of Post-Solidification-Related Stress
3.5. Dislocation Density
3.6. Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior
4. Conclusions
- The proposed modeling’s residual stress results are in good agreement with the experimental data, including the residual strain and GND distributions;
- Based on the analysis of the D-MORPH-HDMR influencing factor results, the degree of impact of process parameters on the RS for multilayer deposition was further quantified, taking into account the important role of the coupling of different parameters. The results of the research reveal that the amplified effect of the influence of the three input variables (layer thickness, L; laser power, P; and scanning speed, v) on the transverse stress and thickness-direction stress is L > P > v. In contrast, the influence of the three variables on the longitudinal stress is P > L > v;
- For DED of thin-walled parts formed from austenitic stainless steel, the selection of a lower deposition layer thickness L (200 μm), a moderate laser power P (600–800 W), and a higher scan rate v (12–16 mm/s) is of great significance to the reduction of residual stresses in the workpiece;
- The main mechanism for the formation of DDRX and CDRX is the expansion of pre-existing grains and the rotation of sub-grains, respectively. The sample bottom had more thermo-mechanical cycles than the top, resulting in a larger dislocation density and hence a higher likelihood of DDRX.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Cr | Ni | Mo | Si | Mn | C | S | P | O | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 16.9 | 11.6 | 2.25 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.011 | Bal. |
Process Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Laser power, P (W) | 400, 600, 800 |
Scanning speed, v (mm/s) | 8, 12, 16 |
Powder layer thickness, L (μm) | 200, 400, 600 |
Beam diameter, D (mm) | 1.2 |
Interlayer powder laying time (s) | 0 |
Trial No. | Factor A | Factor B | Factor C |
---|---|---|---|
Layer Thickness, L (μm) | Laser Power, P (W) | Scanning Speed, v (mm/s) | |
1 | 200 | 400 | 8 |
2 | 200 | 600 | 16 |
3 | 200 | 800 | 12 |
4 | 400 | 400 | 16 |
5 | 400 | 600 | 12 |
6 | 400 | 800 | 8 |
7 | 600 | 400 | 12 |
8 | 600 | 600 | 8 |
9 | 600 | 800 | 16 |
Trial No. | XX-Stress | YY-Stress | ZZ-Stress |
---|---|---|---|
Mpa | Mpa | Mpa | |
1 | 525 | 463 | 488 |
2 | 392 | 299 | 274 |
3 | 412 | 358 | 385 |
4 | 442 | 666 | 473 |
5 | 368 | 548 | 390 |
6 | 712 | 790 | 992 |
7 | 841 | 871 | 489 |
8 | 1030 | 536 | 470 |
9 | 1303 | 1441 | 1483 |
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Yan, Z.; Zou, X.; Li, S.; Luo, G.; Song, L. A Study on the Thermo-Mechanical History, Residual Stress, and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels. Metals 2022, 12, 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071109
Yan Z, Zou X, Li S, Luo G, Song L. A Study on the Thermo-Mechanical History, Residual Stress, and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels. Metals. 2022; 12(7):1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071109
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Zhou, Xi Zou, Simeng Li, Guoyun Luo, and Lijun Song. 2022. "A Study on the Thermo-Mechanical History, Residual Stress, and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels" Metals 12, no. 7: 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071109