Materialization of the Heat-Affected Zone with Laser Tailor-Welded HPF 22MnB5 Steel Using FLD and the Fracture Displacement Method in FE Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Experimental Method
2.1.1. Material
2.1.2. Surface Treatment of TWB–HPF 22MnB5 Steel
2.2. Experimental Results
3. Method of Finite Element Simulation
3.1. Defining the Method for the Mechanical Properties of the HAZ
3.2. Damage Initiation
3.3. Damage Evolution
4. Comparison of the Experimental and FE Simulation Results
5. Conclusions
- In the FE simulation, the different mechanical properties were applied to material sections such as 22MnB5-HPF and HAZ with and without FexAly. When the different damage evolutions were given using the displacement method with Equation (4), the fracture occurred first at the HAZ with FexAly, and then crack propagation to HAZ was implemented.
- The displacement of occurrence for crack and fracture propagation could be predicted. Cracks appeared in the blue element section when the tensile specimen was stretched by 1.12 to 1.18 mm once the test started. The fracture propagated within the HAZ when the tensile specimen was stretched by 1.29 to 1.58 mm.
- The FLD and fracture displacement method were applied to the simulation as the damage initiation and propagation,
- This study demonstrates damage initiation and the evolution of the weld line for TWB parts. It is possible to evaluate the collision characteristics of automotive parts using TWB–HPF, such as bumpers and B-pillars.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Onur, C.; Oktay, C.Y.; Ahmet, G.; Ugur, U.; Hakan, A.; Ahmet, G. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of 22MnB5 hot stamping steel in different heat treatment conditions. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 10901–10908. [Google Scholar]
- Kramer, B.; Deng, Y.; Lentz, J.; Broeckmann, C.; Theisen, W.; Weber, S. Martensite Transformation in Tool Steels under Isostatic Pressure–Implementation of In-Situ Electrical Resistivity Measurements into a Hot Isostatic Press with Rapid Quenching Technology. Metals 2022, 12, 708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Jia, H.; Ren, M.; Sun, Y. Study on the Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and High Temperature Mechanical Properties of Welding Spots of Hot Stamped Ultra-High Strength Steel Patchwork Blanks. Metals 2021, 11, 1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salas-Reyes, A.E.; Altamirano-Guerrero, G.; Deaquino, R.; Salinas, A.; Lara-Rodriguez, G.; Figueroa, I.A.; González-Parra, J.R.; Mintz, B. The Hot Ductility, Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance in an Advanced Boron-Containing Complex Phase Steel Heat-Treated Using the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Process. Metals 2023, 13, 257. [Google Scholar]
- Carpio, M.; Calvo, J.; Garcia, O.; Pedraza, J.P.; Cabrera, J.M. Heat Treatment Design for a QP Steel: Effect of Partitioning Temperature. Metals 2021, 11, 1136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, M.S.; Seo, H.Y.; Kang, C.G. Comparison of collision test results for center-pillar reinforcements with TWB and CR420/CFRP hybrid composite materials using experimental and theoretical methods. Compos. Struct 2017, 168, 698–709. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, F.; Sun, G.; Li, G.; Li, Q. Crashworthiness design of multi-component tailor-welded blank (TWB) structures. Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. 2013, 48, 653–667. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, M.S. A study on collision characteristic of center-pillar with CR420 and hot stamped steel during side crash simulation. Int. J. Crashworthiness 2020, 27, 554–564. [Google Scholar]
- William, J.J. Reducing Vehicle Weight and Improving U.S. Energy Efficiency Using Integrated Computational Materials Engineering. JOM 2012, 64, 1032–1038. [Google Scholar]
- Mori, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Yokoo, D.; Nishikata, M.; Abe, Y. Steel sheets partnered with quenchable sheet in hot stamping of tailor-welded blanks and its application to separation prevention of fractured components. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2020, 111, 725–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hart, D.C.; Bruck, H.A. Effects of Plasticity on Patched and Unpatched Center Crack Tension Specimens. Exp. Mech. 2020, 60, 345–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, M.S.; Moon, Y.H.; Kang, C.G. Investigation of formability and surface micro-crack in hot deep drawing by using laser-welded blank of Al–Si and Zn-coated boron steel. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 2013, 228, 540–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xi, H.; Youqiong, Q.; Wenxiang, J. Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded Al-Si coated 22MnB5 hot stamping steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2019, 270, 285–292. [Google Scholar]
- Wenhu, L.; Fang, L.; Dongsheng, W.; Xiaoguan, C.; Hua, P. Effect of Al-Si Coating on Weld Microstructure and Properties of 22MnB5 Steel Joints for Hot Stamping. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2018, 27, 1825–1836. [Google Scholar]
- Yiming, S.; Laijun, W.; Caiwang, T.; Wenlu, Z.; Bo, C.; Xiaoguo, S.; Hongyun, Z.; Jicai, F. Influence of Al-Si coating on microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber laser welded 22MnB5 steel. Opt. Laser Technol. 2019, 116, 117–127. [Google Scholar]
- Wei, X.; Shanglu, Y.; Wu, T.; Jiazhi, Z.; Haiwen, L. Effect of Al-Si Coating Removal state on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Welded 22MnB5 Steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2023, 32, 4205–4215. [Google Scholar]
- Yoo, J.S.; Kim, S.L.; Jo, M.C.; Kim, S.W.; Oh, J.K.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, S.H.; Sohn, S.S. Effects of Al-Si coating structures on bendability and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in 1.5-GPa-grade hot-press-forming steel. Acta Mater. 2022, 225, 117561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alireza, M.; Elliot, B.; Michael, W. Shear band formation at the fusion boundary and failure behaviour of resistance spot welds in ultra-high-strength hot-stamped steel. Sci. Technol. Weld Join 2020, 25, 556–563. [Google Scholar]
- Xi, C.; Shengkui, Z.; Meng, J.; Yuan, C.; Yumo, J.; Zhiyuan, W.; Nan, J.; Ao, C.; Bingwei, L.; Zhenglong, L.; et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded hot-press-formed steel with varying thicknesses of Al–Si coatings cleaned by nanosecond pulsed laser. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2023, 22, 2576–2588. [Google Scholar]
- Eller, T.K.; Greve, L.; Andres, M.; Medricky, M.; Geijselaers, H.J.M.; Meinders, V.T.; van den Boogaard, A.H. Plasticity and fracture modeling of the heat-affected zone in resistance spot welded tailor hardened boron steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2016, 234, 309–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlina, E.J.; Van Tyne, C.J. Correlation of Yield Strength and Tensile Strength with Hardness for Steels. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2008, 17, 888–893. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, K.S.; Kang, N.H.; Kang, S.H.; Kang, M.J.; Kim, C.H. Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Autogenous Arc Welds of 2 GPa Strength Hot-Press-Forming Steel. J. Mater. Eng. 2023, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eller, T.K.; Greve, L.; Andres, M.; Medricky, M.; Geijselaers, H.J.M.; Meinders, V.T.; van den Boogaard, A.H. Identification of Plasticity Model Parameters of the Heat-Affected Zone in Resistance Spot Welded Martensitic Boron Steel. Key Eng. Mater 2015, 639, 369–376. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, M.J.; Kim, C.H.; Lee, J.S. Weld strength of laser-welded hot-press-forming steel. J. Laser Appl. 2012, 24, 022004. [Google Scholar]
- Onyishi, H.; Okafor, A.; Nwoguh, T.; Sohmeshetty, R. Effect of Al-Si coating weights on weldability of hot-stamped ultra-high-strength steel (UsiborR 1500) used in automotive structures. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 2023, 2198833, 1–15. [Google Scholar]
- Yun, S.M.; Gwon, H.J.; Oh, J.K.; Kim, S.J. Improvement of resistance spot weldability of Al–Fe-alloy-coated HPF steel sheets. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join 2022, 27, 429–436. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, J.; Han, Z.; Xu, F.; Wang, X.; Chu, H.; Lu, F. The segregation control of coating element for pulse fiber laser welding of Al-Si coated 22MnB5 steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2020, 286, 116833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.G.; Yoon, J.H. Effect of laser patterning on axial crushing performance of cylindrical 22MnB5 tubes. Compos. Struct. 2021, 262, 113633. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, W.; Tao, W.; Luo, H.; Yang, S. Effect of oscillation frequency on the mechanical properties and failure behaviors of laser beam welded 22MnB5 weld. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2023, 22, 1436–1448. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.; Li, G.Q.; Wan, X.L.; Gang, H.; Wu, K.M.; Zhang, X. Quantitative analysis of microstructure and impact toughness in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Cu-bearing steels. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 2018, 26, 2030–2039. [Google Scholar]
C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ti | B | N | Al | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.21 | 0.26 | 1.24 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 0.2 | 0.025 | 0.0024 | 0.002 | 0.033 | Bal. |
No. | Removal | Position of Treatment | Number of Repetitions |
---|---|---|---|
1 | X | - | - |
2 | O | One side | One time |
3 | O | One side | Three times |
4 | O | Both side | Three times |
Type | Hardness (HV) | Yield Strength, σY (MPa) | Tensile Strength, σT (MPa) | Elongation |
---|---|---|---|---|
HAZ without FexAly | 450 | 1203.5 | 1580.5 | 1.80 [20] |
HAZ with FexAly | 360 | 944.6 | 1244.4 | 1.61 [20] |
22MnB5—HPF | 455 | 1217.88 | 1599.17 | 8.05 |
22MnB5-HPF | HAZ without FexAly | HAZ with FexAly | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major, ε1 | Minor, ε2 | Major, ε1 | Minor, ε2 | Major, ε1 | Minor, ε2 |
0.257 | −0.15133 | 0.0514 | −0.15133 | 0.14135 | −0.15133 |
0.135 | −0.055 | 0.027 | −0.055 | 0.07425 | −0.055 |
0.045 | 0 | 0.009 | 0 | 0.02475 | 0 |
0.06 | 0.0274 | 0.012 | 0.0274 | 0.033 | 0.0274 |
0.07 | 0.045 | 0.014 | 0.045 | 0.0385 | 0.045 |
0.08067 | 0.07 | 0.016134 | 0.07 | 0.0443685 | 0.07 |
0.100 | 0.120 | 0.055 | 0.120 | 0.020 | 0.120 |
Displacement at Failure | |||||
0.01670929 | 0.00334186 | 0.00461500 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jeon, H.J.; Jin, C.K.; Lee, M.S.; Lim, O.D.; Kang, N.S. Materialization of the Heat-Affected Zone with Laser Tailor-Welded HPF 22MnB5 Steel Using FLD and the Fracture Displacement Method in FE Simulation. Metals 2023, 13, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101713
Jeon HJ, Jin CK, Lee MS, Lim OD, Kang NS. Materialization of the Heat-Affected Zone with Laser Tailor-Welded HPF 22MnB5 Steel Using FLD and the Fracture Displacement Method in FE Simulation. Metals. 2023; 13(10):1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101713
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Hyeon Jong, Chul Kyu Jin, Min Sik Lee, Ok Dong Lim, and Nam Su Kang. 2023. "Materialization of the Heat-Affected Zone with Laser Tailor-Welded HPF 22MnB5 Steel Using FLD and the Fracture Displacement Method in FE Simulation" Metals 13, no. 10: 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101713